在前不久召開的十二屆全國人大常委會第十四次會議上，常委會組成人員表決通過了修訂后的食品安全法。其中，這部法律最引人矚目的便是對劇毒、高毒農藥的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)畫下了“紅線”。修訂后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)安(an)全(quan)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)定(ding)，“禁止將劇毒(du)、高毒(du)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)于蔬菜、瓜(gua)果、茶葉和中草藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)等國(guo)家規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物。”“食(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)是食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)安(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)源頭(tou)，所以，農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理對于保(bao)障食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)安(an)全(quan)至關重要(yao)。”全(quan)國(guo)人大常委會法(fa)(fa)工委行政(zheng)法(fa)(fa)室副(fu)主任黃薇在接受采訪時說，修訂后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)品(pin)安(an)全(quan)法(fa)(fa)對農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)管(guan)(guan)理作(zuo)(zuo)出了有針對性的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)，強調對農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)實行嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)監管(guan)(guan)，并增加規(gui)定(ding)對違法(fa)(fa)使用(yong)(yong)劇毒(du)、高毒(du)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，由(you)公(gong)安(an)機(ji)關予(yu)以拘(ju)留處罰(fa)這樣一(yi)種嚴(yan)厲的(de)(de)(de)(de)處罰(fa)手段。

由于高(gao)毒(du)農(nong)(nong)藥對人(ren)畜和環境(jing)具有(you)較大的(de)(de)危害(hai)性，我國對高(gao)毒(du)農(nong)(nong)藥采取(qu)了嚴格的(de)(de)管控(kong)措施(shi)。自上(shang)世(shi)紀80年代以來，我國已先后(hou)禁(jin)用了33種高(gao)毒(du)高(gao)風(feng)險農(nong)(nong)藥，并規定高(gao)毒(du)農(nong)(nong)藥不能用于蔬(shu)菜、水(shui)果(guo)等鮮食(shi)農(nong)(nong)產品(pin)。在(zai)一些委員看來，這次修訂食(shi)品(pin)安(an)全法(fa)，首次將劇毒(du)農(nong)(nong)藥的(de)(de)管理提升至立法(fa)的(de)(de)高(gao)度，彰(zhang)顯了全國人(ren)大常(chang)委會加(jia)強對劇毒(du)農(nong)(nong)藥監(jian)管的(de)(de)決心。

回望食品(pin)安全(quan)(quan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)修訂(ding)草(cao)案的(de)三(san)次審(shen)議歷程，加(jia)(jia)強對(dui)劇(ju)(ju)毒(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)管理(li)(li)始終都(dou)是委員們討論的(de)一(yi)個焦(jiao)點。在(zai)審(shen)議中，一(yi)些常委會(hui)組(zu)成(cheng)人(ren)員建議明確(que)規(gui)(gui)定全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)淘(tao)汰(tai)劇(ju)(ju)毒(du)、高(gao)毒(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，并(bing)規(gui)(gui)定具(ju)體時間表。對(dui)此，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)部提出(chu)，當前全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)淘(tao)汰(tai)劇(ju)(ju)毒(du)、高(gao)毒(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)尚(shang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)行(xing)，原因(yin)是地下害蟲(chong)、線蟲(chong)、倉儲害蟲(chong)等病(bing)蟲(chong)主要依賴(lai)高(gao)毒(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)防治，新農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)開發(fa)周(zhou)期長(chang)，短(duan)期內難以(yi)找到理(li)(li)想的(de)替代(dai)品(pin)種(zhong)，全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)禁(jin)用(yong)(yong)高(gao)毒(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)將會(hui)影(ying)響農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)和糧食安全(quan)(quan)；有(you)些高(gao)毒(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)成(cheng)本低(di)、效果好、殘留(liu)低(di)，只(zhi)要嚴格(ge)按照(zhao)規(gui)(gui)定使用(yong)(yong)，既不(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)影(ying)響農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)質量安全(quan)(quan)，也不(bu)(bu)(bu)會(hui)影(ying)響生(sheng)態環境安全(quan)(quan)。同(tong)時，從(cong)世界范(fan)圍來看，歐(ou)美等發(fa)達國(guo)(guo)家(jia)也沒有(you)完全(quan)(quan)禁(jin)止(zhi)使用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)類(lei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，一(yi)些高(gao)毒(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)種(zhong)仍在(zai)登記使用(yong)(yong)，只(zhi)是根據生(sheng)產(chan)需要對(dui)其使用(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍進行(xing)限(xian)制。全(quan)(quan)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)大法(fa)(fa)(fa)律委經研究認為(wei)，從(cong)我國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)情實(shi)際出(chu)發(fa)，食品(pin)安全(quan)(quan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)（修訂(ding)草(cao)案）已經對(dui)加(jia)(jia)快淘(tao)汰(tai)劇(ju)(ju)毒(du)、高(gao)毒(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)作了原則規(gui)(gui)定，考慮(lv)到全(quan)(quan)面(mian)(mian)淘(tao)汰(tai)、禁(jin)止(zhi)使用(yong)(yong)劇(ju)(ju)毒(du)、高(gao)毒(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)目前時機尚(shang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)成(cheng)熟，當前應當加(jia)(jia)強對(dui)這(zhe)類(lei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使用(yong)(yong)環節的(de)管理(li)(li)，同(tong)時加(jia)(jia)快有(you)關(guan)替代(dai)品(pin)的(de)研發(fa)推廣。據此，修訂(ding)后的(de)食品(pin)安全(quan)(quan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)定，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)使用(yong)(yong)實(shi)行(xing)嚴格(ge)的(de)管理(li)(li)制度(du)，加(jia)(jia)快淘(tao)汰(tai)劇(ju)(ju)毒(du)、高(gao)毒(du)、高(gao)殘留(liu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，推動(dong)替代(dai)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)研發(fa)和應用(yong)(yong)，鼓(gu)勵使用(yong)(yong)高(gao)效低(di)毒(du)低(di)殘留(liu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。同(tong)時，法(fa)(fa)(fa)律特別強調，對(dui)違法(fa)(fa)(fa)使用(yong)(yong)劇(ju)(ju)毒(du)、高(gao)毒(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)，除依照(zhao)有(you)關(guan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律、法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)規(gui)(gui)定給予處罰外，可(ke)以(yi)由公安機關(guan)依照(zhao)規(gui)(gui)定給予拘留(liu)。

盡管從源頭上取締劇毒(du)(du)(du)(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)時機還未成熟(shu)，但(dan)是(shi)加(jia)(jia)強對劇毒(du)(du)(du)(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)管理，執行好食品(pin)安全法的(de)(de)有關(guan)規(gui)定刻不容緩。對此(ci)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)部表示，將繼續采取措施，加(jia)(jia)強對高毒(du)(du)(du)(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)管理，最大限度(du)減輕其對人(ren)畜(chu)健康、環境安全及農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)質(zhi)量安全的(de)(de)影響(xiang)：逐步淘汰削減現(xian)有高毒(du)(du)(du)(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，對目前(qian)仍保(bao)留的(de)(de)12種高毒(du)(du)(du)(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，按照(zhao)“時機成熟(shu)一個(ge)(ge)、禁(jin)(jin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)一個(ge)(ge)”的(de)(de)原則，分期分批淘汰；加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)高毒(du)(du)(du)(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)替(ti)代產品(pin)的(de)(de)研(yan)發推廣，鼓勵科研(yan)和農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)企業(ye)開(kai)展聯合攻(gong)關(guan)，加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)研(yan)制具有自(zi)主(zhu)知識產權的(de)(de)高毒(du)(du)(du)(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)替(ti)代品(pin)；加(jia)(jia)強高毒(du)(du)(du)(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)管理，加(jia)(jia)大對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)市場(chang)抽(chou)查力度(du)，嚴(yan)厲打擊制售禁(jin)(jin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)、違規(gui)添加(jia)(jia)高度(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)等行為，確保(bao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民用(yong)(yong)(yong)上質(zhi)量可靠(kao)的(de)(de)放心(xin)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)；加(jia)(jia)強科學用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)指導服務，及時發布農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害防止用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)指導目錄，向農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民推薦安全、高效、實用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)種，大規(gui)模開(kai)展病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害統防統治和綠色防控(kong)，提高農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)效率和病(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)害防治效果，保(bao)障農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產品(pin)質(zhi)量安全和生態環境安全。(文/ 本刊記(ji)者 梁國棟(dong))

禁止使用的高毒高風險農藥名單（33種）

六(liu)六(liu)六(liu)，滴(di)滴(di)涕，毒殺(sha)芬，二溴(xiu)氯丙烷，殺(sha)蟲脒，二溴(xiu)乙烷，除草醚，艾氏(shi)(shi)劑(ji)，狄氏(shi)(shi)劑(ji)，汞制劑(ji)，砷、鉛類，敵枯雙，氟(fu)乙酰胺，甘(gan)氟(fu)，毒鼠強，氟(fu)乙酸鈉，毒鼠硅(gui)，甲胺磷(lin)(lin)(lin)，甲基(ji)對(dui)硫(liu)磷(lin)(lin)(lin)，對(dui)硫(liu)磷(lin)(lin)(lin)，久效磷(lin)(lin)(lin)，磷(lin)(lin)(lin)銨，苯線磷(lin)(lin)(lin)，地(di)蟲硫(liu)磷(lin)(lin)(lin)，甲基(ji)硫(liu)環(huan)磷(lin)(lin)(lin)，磷(lin)(lin)(lin)化鈣(gai)，磷(lin)(lin)(lin)化鎂，磷(lin)(lin)(lin)化鋅，硫(liu)線磷(lin)(lin)(lin)，蠅毒磷(lin)(lin)(lin)，治螟磷(lin)(lin)(lin)，特丁硫(liu)磷(lin)(lin)(lin)

在大田中使用的高毒農藥品種（12種）

甲(jia)拌磷(lin)(lin)，甲(jia)基(ji)異柳磷(lin)(lin)，克百威，硫丹，滅多威，滅線(xian)磷(lin)(lin)，殺撲磷(lin)(lin)，水胺(an)硫磷(lin)(lin)，涕滅威，氧樂果(guo)，溴甲(jia)烷，磷(lin)(lin)化(hua)鋁（來源(yuan)：中國人大雜志）

某些地(di)方農(nong)民給(gei)柑橘施用的農(nong)藥。攝影/ 劉君鳳(feng)