當前，我國農(nong)業農(nong)村經濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)展進(jin)(jin)入(ru)最好的(de)歷史時(shi)期，糧(liang)食生(sheng)產實現(xian)“十一(yi)連(lian)增”，連(lian)續兩年穩定(ding)在12000億斤以上，在取(qu)得巨(ju)大成就(jiu)的(de)同(tong)時(shi)也付出了巨(ju)大的(de)代價，資源(yuan)利(li)用的(de)弦(xian)繃得越來越緊，生(sheng)態環境的(de)承(cheng)載能力越來越接近(jin)極(ji)限(xian)。面對資源(yuan)條(tiao)件與生(sheng)態環境的(de)雙重“緊箍咒”，迫切(qie)需要(yao)轉變農(nong)業發(fa)(fa)展方式，加強農(nong)業面源(yuan)污染治(zhi)理，切(qie)實推進(jin)(jin)農(nong)業生(sheng)態環境保護與治(zhi)理，促進(jin)(jin)農(nong)業可持續發(fa)(fa)展。
一、科學把(ba)握農(nong)(nong)業面(mian)源(yuan)污染形勢，切實增強農(nong)(nong)業面(mian)源(yuan)污染防治(zhi)工作的緊迫(po)感(gan)和責(ze)任(ren)感(gan)
第一次全國污染普查顯示，2007年全國農業源的化學需氧量(COD)、總氮和總磷排放分別達到1320萬噸、270萬噸和28萬噸，分別占全國排放總量的43.7%、57.2%和67.4%。其中畜禽養殖源占農業源COD的96%，是農業面源污染的主要“貢獻者”。畜禽、水產養殖，化肥、農藥和農膜等農用化(hua)學(xue)品投入(ru)是(shi)污(wu)染主(zhu)要來源(yuan)。與工業(ye)(ye)(ye)點源(yuan)污(wu)染通(tong)過(guo)集中(zhong)排污(wu)口直(zhi)接進入(ru)水體不同，農業(ye)(ye)(ye)面源(yuan)為分散排放(fang)，并且(qie)其污(wu)染過(guo)程從農業(ye)(ye)(ye)生產(chan)行為到排放(fang)、最(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)到影(ying)響環境(jing)也不是(shi)簡單的直(zhi)接因(yin)果關系。研究表明，我(wo)國(guo)農田化(hua)肥中(zhong)氮35%在當季被作物利(li)用，剩余絕大部分被留存農田土壤中(zhong)，少量流(liu)入(ru)溝渠，最(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)僅有(you)不足(zu)5%通(tong)過(guo)徑流(liu)進入(ru)地(di)表水體。因(yin)此(ci)雖然我(wo)國(guo)農業(ye)(ye)(ye)源(yuan)污(wu)染物排放(fang)總量較高，但真正進入(ru)水體的量仍非常有(you)限。
現階段農(nong)業面(mian)源污染形勢總體嚴峻(jun)，但也存(cun)在一些(xie)特殊性，需要我們認真研判，精確施策。
一是(shi)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業集約化程度越(yue)來越(yue)高，由(you)于畜(chu)禽糞便(bian)等廢棄物(wu)資(zi)源化利(li)用率較低，污(wu)(wu)染(ran)排放(fang)呈上升趨勢。近幾年(nian)我國畜(chu)禽養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)總量不(bu)斷增加，2013年(nian)全(quan)國生豬(zhu)出欄超過7億。同時，規模(mo)化集約化快速發(fa)展，生豬(zhu)年(nian)出欄500頭(tou)以上的規模(mo)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比例達到40.8%。與此同時，養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廢棄物(wu)處理設施建設卻相(xiang)對滯后，大(da)量畜(chu)禽糞便(bian)難以及時處理和利(li)用，使(shi)得畜(chu)禽養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廢棄物(wu)由(you)傳統農家肥變成(cheng)了(le)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)物(wu)。此外(wai)，我國的水(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規模(mo)也在(zai)迅速擴大(da)，1978年(nian)水(shui)產(chan)品(pin)總量為465.4萬噸，其(qi)中(zhong)人(ren)工(gong)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)占26.1%，2013年(nian)水(shui)產(chan)品(pin)總量達到6172萬噸，人(ren)工(gong)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)占到73.6%，水(shui)產(chan)養(yang)(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)大(da)量餌料、魚(yu)藥(yao)投放(fang)造(zao)成(cheng)水(shui)環境污(wu)(wu)染(ran)。
二是(shi)主要(yao)糧食作物(wu)化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)用(yong)量基本合(he)理，蔬菜(cai)和瓜果(guo)等經(jing)濟作物(wu)過(guo)量施(shi)用(yong)現象比較(jiao)突出，總體上(shang)化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)消費增長率在(zai)下降，但化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)投入量仍然偏大。2013年我國(guo)化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)使(shi)用(yong)量為(wei)5912萬噸，占世(shi)界的35%，按照20.3億畝耕地計算，平(ping)均單位面積化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)施(shi)用(yong)量達436.8公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)/公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，還遠高于(yu)世(shi)界平(ping)均水平(ping)。值(zhi)得指(zhi)出的是(shi)，目前(qian)我國(guo)主要(yao)糧食作物(wu)氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)平(ping)均使(shi)用(yong)量約為(wei)212公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)/公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，已經(jing)低于(yu)環(huan)境安(an)全上(shang)限(發(fa)達國(guo)家為(wei)防止水體污染所設置的安(an)全上(shang)限值(zhi)為(wei)225公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)/公(gong)(gong)頃(qing))，但果(guo)樹555公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)/公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)、蔬菜(cai)365公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)/公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)的氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)平(ping)均用(yong)量還遠高于(yu)環(huan)境安(an)全要(yao)求，果(guo)園和設施(shi)蔬菜(cai)化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)(fei)過(guo)量施(shi)用(yong)現象還較(jiao)為(wei)突出。
三(san)是單(dan)位面積農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)使(shi)用量(liang)(liang)(liang)高于世(shi)界平(ping)均水(shui)(shui)平(ping)，但低于美國等發達國家(jia)。總體使(shi)用量(liang)(liang)(liang)趨于穩定，但利(li)用率偏低。近年(nian)來，我(wo)國農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)使(shi)用量(liang)(liang)(liang)穩定在32萬噸(有效成(cheng)分)左右，占(zhan)世(shi)界農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)總用量(liang)(liang)(liang)的1/7，比例(li)(li)高于我(wo)國土(tu)(tu)地面積占(zhan)世(shi)界耕地面積的比例(li)(li)，這(zhe)與我(wo)國土(tu)(tu)地復種(zhong)指數高有關(guan)系。總體來看，我(wo)國單(dan)位面積農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)使(shi)用量(liang)(liang)(liang)高于世(shi)界平(ping)均水(shui)(shui)平(ping)，但低于美國、以色(se)列(lie)、日(ri)本等發達國家(jia)。另(ling)一方面，當前我(wo)國農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)利(li)用率偏低，僅(jin)為35%，殘留(liu)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)經過降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)、地表徑流和土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)滲濾進入水(shui)(shui)體中，會(hui)導致土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)和水(shui)(shui)環(huan)境質量(liang)(liang)(liang)的惡化，破(po)壞生態、影響生物多樣性(xing)。
四是地膜(mo)回收率較低，破(po)舊農膜(mo)殘(can)(can)留問題(ti)仍(reng)有待破(po)解。我國(guo)地膜(mo)使用總量和作物(wu)覆(fu)蓋面積均高居世界第一。2013年，全國(guo)農膜(mo)用量為249.3萬噸(dun)，由于超薄(bo)地膜(mo)的大(da)量使用以(yi)及殘(can)(can)膜(mo)回收再利用技術、機制欠缺，“白(bai)色(se)革命”逐步演變(bian)為“白(bai)色(se)污染(ran)”，農田地膜(mo)殘(can)(can)留污染(ran)問題(ti)日益(yi)突出。地膜(mo)殘(can)(can)留危害嚴重(zhong)，影(ying)響土壤(rang)結(jie)構(gou)，降(jiang)低耕地質量;影(ying)響出苗，造成(cheng)減產(chan);影(ying)響農機作業，造成(cheng)播種(zhong)和施肥(fei)質量下(xia)降(jiang);牲(sheng)畜(chu)誤(wu)食(shi)不(bu)斷發生(sheng)，危害牲(sheng)畜(chu)健(jian)康。
五是農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)秸(jie)稈綜合(he)利用(yong)率偏低，循(xun)環利用(yong)能(neng)力亟待提(ti)升。農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)秸(jie)稈是用(yong)途豐富的農(nong)(nong)業資源。據推算，2013年全國秸(jie)稈總產量(liang)及其可收集利用(yong)量(liang)分別為9.64億噸和(he)8.19億噸，實(shi)際利用(yong)量(liang)約(yue)6.22億噸，綜合(he)利用(yong)率僅(jin)為76%。隨著農(nong)(nong)用(yong)能(neng)源結(jie)構的變化(hua)，農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)秸(jie)稈在(zai)生活用(yong)能(neng)源中所占(zhan)比(bi)例愈來(lai)愈少，多余(yu)秸(jie)稈的出路，一是就地(di)焚燒，造成空(kong)氣污染(ran)，降低大(da)氣能(neng)見度，妨礙交通，危(wei)害人(ren)體(ti)健康;二是棄之田溝或堆入河溝或湖中，經風化(hua)、雨淋與(yu)腐爛，秸(jie)稈中的有(you)機物(wu)進入水體(ti)造成污染(ran)。
總的來講，隨著我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)集約化程度不斷提(ti)高和(he)養殖業(ye)(ye)的迅速發展，化肥(fei)、農(nong)藥等(deng)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)投(tou)入品過量使(shi)用及畜禽(qin)糞便、農(nong)作物秸稈和(he)農(nong)田(tian)殘(can)膜等(deng)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)廢棄物不合理(li)(li)(li)處置導(dao)致的農(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)源污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)問(wen)題(ti)日益突出，嚴(yan)重(zhong)制(zhi)約農(nong)業(ye)(ye)和(he)農(nong)村(cun)經濟(ji)可持續(xu)發展。因此，加(jia)(jia)強農(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)源污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)是(shi)確保(bao)農(nong)產品產地安全(quan)、實(shi)現我(wo)國(guo)糧食安全(quan)和(he)農(nong)產品質量安全(quan)的現實(shi)需(xu)要(yao)，是(shi)改善農(nong)業(ye)(ye)生態環(huan)境(jing)、加(jia)(jia)快轉(zhuan)變農(nong)業(ye)(ye)發展方式、實(shi)現農(nong)業(ye)(ye)可持續(xu)發展的內(nei)在需(xu)要(yao)。必須(xu)要(yao)科學把握農(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)源污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)日益嚴(yan)重(zhong)的形勢，深刻認識到加(jia)(jia)強農(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)(mian)源污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)的重(zhong)大意義，切(qie)實(shi)增強工作的緊迫感(gan)和(he)責任感(gan)，
二、農業生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)境(jing)保護(hu)與治(zhi)(zhi)理工作(zuo)取得積極(ji)進展，為打(da)好農業面源污染防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)攻(gong)堅(jian)戰奠(dian)定堅(jian)實基礎
我國農業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源污(wu)染(ran)是長期積累產生(sheng)的(de)，有其特殊性(xing)和復(fu)雜性(xing)，不可能在(zai)(zai)一(yi)朝一(yi)夕(xi)得(de)到完全解決(jue)，需要(yao)較長時期的(de)不懈努(nu)力。近(jin)年來各(ge)級農業(ye)(ye)部門在(zai)(zai)保(bao)障農業(ye)(ye)發展的(de)同時，不斷加大農業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)態(tai)環境(jing)保(bao)護與(yu)治(zhi)理工作力度(du)，初步(bu)建立了農業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源污(wu)染(ran)防治(zhi)工作隊伍和專家支撐隊伍，政(zheng)策體系也(ye)在(zai)(zai)逐步(bu)建立完善，探索(suo)形成了一(yi)批實用技術和典(dian)型模式，這(zhe)些都為打好農業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源污(wu)染(ran)防治(zhi)攻(gong)堅戰奠定了良(liang)好基礎。
一(yi)是體(ti)系(xi)(xi)隊伍建設不斷加強。已形成了由兩(liang)個國家級總站(zhan)為(wei)龍頭，33個省、自(zi)治區(qu)、直轄(xia)市和(he)計劃單(dan)列市農(nong)(nong)業環保(bao)(bao)站(zhan)為(wei)主體(ti)，326個地級站(zhan)和(he)1794個縣級站(zhan)為(wei)基礎的四級農(nong)(nong)業環境保(bao)(bao)護管理體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，為(wei)農(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)態環境監測與防控提(ti)供(gong)了隊伍體(ti)系(xi)(xi)保(bao)(bao)障。
二是監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)預警能力不(bu)(bu)斷提升(sheng)。初步(bu)構建了全國(guo)農(nong)業(ye)面(mian)源污(wu)染(ran)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)網(wang)絡，不(bu)(bu)斷推(tui)進農(nong)業(ye)面(mian)源污(wu)染(ran)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)常(chang)態化、制度(du)化運行;建成(cheng)了國(guo)家、省、市、縣的四級(ji)(ji)耕(geng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)網(wang)絡，發布國(guo)家級(ji)(ji)耕(geng)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)量監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)年度(du)報告;初步(bu)形(xing)成(cheng)了覆(fu)蓋我國(guo)近海海灣、島礁、灘涂、自然保護(hu)區、水(shui)產(chan)種質(zhi)(zhi)資源保護(hu)區及(ji)增養殖水(shui)域的環境監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)網(wang)絡體系，定(ding)期發布《中國(guo)漁業(ye)生態環境狀況公報》。建立(li)了農(nong)產(chan)品產(chan)地(di)污(wu)染(ran)國(guo)控監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)網(wang)，開展產(chan)地(di)重金(jin)屬(shu)污(wu)染(ran)調查(cha)。
三是(shi)大(da)力推進(jin)化(hua)(hua)(hua)肥(fei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)科學施(shi)用。全面(mian)普及測土配方(fang)施(shi)肥(fei)技術，推廣(guang)面(mian)積達(da)到(dao)14億畝;深入實(shi)施(shi)綠色(se)防控，設(she)立國(guo)家級綠色(se)防控示范區150個，陸續淘汰高(gao)毒農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)33種，大(da)力推廣(guang)使(shi)用高(gao)效(xiao)低毒低殘留及生物農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao);開(kai)展農(nong)(nong)(nong)作物病(bing)蟲專業化(hua)(hua)(hua)統(tong)防統(tong)治與綠色(se)防控融(rong)合推進(jin)試點(dian)建(jian)設(she)，建(jian)立示范基地(di)218個;2015年初(chu),印發了(le)《到(dao)2020年化(hua)(hua)(hua)肥(fei)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)使(shi)用量零增(zeng)(zeng)長行(xing)動(dong)方(fang)案》,啟(qi)動(dong)實(shi)施(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)肥(fei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)使(shi)用量零增(zeng)(zeng)長行(xing)動(dong)。
四是積極推進(jin)畜禽(qin)(qin)養(yang)(yang)殖污(wu)染防治。加(jia)快(kuai)推進(jin)畜禽(qin)(qin)養(yang)(yang)殖標準(zhun)化建設，創建標準(zhun)化示范場3397個，有效提(ti)升(sheng)畜禽(qin)(qin)養(yang)(yang)殖污(wu)染防治水平;啟動實施畜禽(qin)(qin)養(yang)(yang)殖廢(fei)棄物綜合利用試點項目;因地(di)制宜發展農(nong)村(cun)沼氣(qi)工程(cheng)，提(ti)升(sheng)農(nong)村(cun)養(yang)(yang)殖糞便污(wu)水處(chu)理能力。
五是深入(ru)開展(zhan)秸(jie)(jie)稈(gan)綜合(he)利(li)用。實施秸(jie)(jie)稈(gan)綜合(he)利(li)用項目，重(zhong)點(dian)支持京津冀等地區(qu)(qu)開展(zhan)秸(jie)(jie)稈(gan)還田、養畜(chu)、秸(jie)(jie)稈(gan)沼氣、秸(jie)(jie)稈(gan)代(dai)木(mu)、秸(jie)(jie)稈(gan)炭化等方面工作;啟動京津冀地區(qu)(qu)鎮(zhen)域(yu)級(ji)秸(jie)(jie)稈(gan)全量化利(li)用示范區(qu)(qu)建設，加快推(tui)進秸(jie)(jie)稈(gan)利(li)用的規模化、產業化發展(zhan)。
六是著力解(jie)(jie)決農田(tian)殘膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)污染(ran)。修訂(ding)地(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)標(biao)準，解(jie)(jie)決殘膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)易破(po)碎、回收(shou)難的(de)問題;連(lian)續4年實施(shi)廢舊地(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)回收(shou)利用(yong)為主(zhu)的(de)農業(ye)清潔生產示范項目，初(chu)步構建了(le)地(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)回收(shou)加工體系;在西北、華(hua)北地(di)區安排地(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)覆蓋等旱作農業(ye)技術補助資金，推動高標(biao)準地(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)推廣應用(yong);啟動實施(shi)可降解(jie)(jie)地(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)對比試驗，篩選應用(yong)效果好(hao)的(de)可降解(jie)(jie)地(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)用(yong)于示范推廣。
七是合力推進農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)環境綜合治理示范建設。已形成了(le)由(you)1個生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)循環農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)試點省(sheng)、10個循環農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)示范市(shi)、283個國家現代(dai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)示范區(qu)、1100個美麗鄉村以及若干個生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)示范基地構(gou)成的現代(dai)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)循環農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)典型帶動體系;在(zai)重點流(liu)域和重要水源(yuan)地保護(hu)區(qu)實(shi)施畜禽養殖廢棄物及農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)氮(dan)磷污染(ran)綜合防治示范區(qu)建設，積極探索流(liu)域農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)面源(yuan)污染(ran)防控的有效機制(zhi)。
綜上所述，近些(xie)年(nian)來農(nong)業生態環境(jing)保護與治(zhi)(zhi)理工作取(qu)得(de)的積極成(cheng)效，同時農(nong)業連年(nian)增產增收(shou)和農(nong)村發(fa)展(zhan)持續向好，使得(de)我們更(geng)加有條件、有能(neng)力、有信(xin)心打好農(nong)業面源(yuan)污染防治(zhi)(zhi)攻堅戰(zhan)。
三(san)、以“一控兩減三(san)基(ji)本”為重點任務，打好農業面源污(wu)染防治攻堅戰(zhan)
黨的(de)十八大以來，習近平總(zong)(zong)書記等(deng)中央(yang)領導同志(zhi)多次就農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護與(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理做出(chu)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)指示(shi)批(pi)示(shi)。習近平總(zong)(zong)書記指出(chu)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發展不僅要(yao)杜絕(jue)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)欠新(xin)賬(zhang)，而且要(yao)逐步還(huan)舊賬(zhang)，要(yao)打好農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污染治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理攻堅(jian)戰(zhan)(zhan)。李克強(qiang)總(zong)(zong)理提出(chu)，要(yao)堅(jian)決(jue)把資源(yuan)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)惡(e)化(hua)勢頭壓(ya)下來，讓透支的(de)資源(yuan)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)得到休養生(sheng)息。為貫徹(che)落實(shi)好黨中央(yang)、國(guo)務(wu)院一系列部(bu)署要(yao)求，今(jin)年(nian)初(chu)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)會(hui)同有關部(bu)門先后出(chu)臺(tai)了《全國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)可持續(xu)發展規劃(2015-2030年(nian))》《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)突出(chu)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)問題(ti)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理規劃 (2015-2018)》和《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)部(bu)關于(yu)打好農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污染防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)攻堅(jian)戰(zhan)(zhan)的(de)實(shi)施意見》等(deng)文件(jian)。近期，在四(si)川相繼(ji)召(zhao)開了全國(guo)加快轉(zhuan)變農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發展方式現場會(hui)和全國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護與(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理工(gong)作(zuo)會(hui)議(yi)，這在我國(guo)現代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發展進(jin)程中是具(ju)有里程碑意義(yi)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)會(hui)議(yi)。這些(xie)文件(jian)的(de)出(chu)臺(tai)與(yu)會(hui)議(yi)召(zhao)開，對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)態(tai)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保(bao)護與(yu)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理工(gong)作(zuo)進(jin)行了全面(mian)(mian)部(bu)署與(yu)動員。當前(qian)重(zhong)(zhong)中之重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)就是要(yao)圍繞“一控兩減三基(ji)本”的(de)目標，打好農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)(mian)源(yuan)污染防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)攻堅(jian)戰(zhan)(zhan)。
一是大力(li)發展(zhan)節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)。面(mian)對水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)越發緊缺的嚴峻形(xing)勢(shi)，要加(jia)(jia)大力(li)度(du)發展(zhan)節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)。通過加(jia)(jia)強節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)示范，積極(ji)推(tui)廣節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)品(pin)種(zhong)和(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)肥一體(ti)化、循環水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)養殖等技(ji)術，全面(mian)提高水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)利用效率。積極(ji)推(tui)進農(nong)業(ye)(ye)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)價(jia)綜合(he)改革。統籌推(tui)進流域(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生態保護與治(zhi)理，積極(ji)開展(zhan)太湖、洱海、巢湖和(he)三峽庫區等重點流域(yu)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)面(mian)源(yuan)污(wu)染綜合(he)防治(zhi)示范區建設。實現到2020 年全國農(nong)業(ye)(ye)灌溉(gai)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量控制在3720億立方米以內，農(nong)田灌溉(gai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)有效利用系數達到0.55。
二是(shi)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)零(ling)增(zeng)長(chang)行(xing)動。化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)減(jian)量(liang)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)關鍵(jian)是(shi)要樹立綠(lv)色增(zeng)產(chan)的(de)理念，大(da)力推(tui)廣(guang)科學施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)，提(ti)高用(yong)肥(fei)的(de)精準性和(he)利用(yong)率，鼓勵(li)農(nong)民多使(shi)用(yong)綠(lv)肥(fei)和(he)農(nong)家肥(fei)。重點是(shi)擴大(da)測(ce)土配(pei)方(fang)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)使(shi)用(yong)范圍，推(tui)進配(pei)方(fang)肥(fei)進村入(ru)戶到田。同(tong)時，要積極推(tui)進新(xin)型肥(fei)料(liao)產(chan)品研(yan)發與推(tui)廣(guang)，集成推(tui)廣(guang)種(zhong)(zhong)肥(fei)同(tong)播、化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)深(shen)施(shi)(shi)等高效施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)技術(shu)(shu)。要結合高標準農(nong)田建設，大(da)力開展耕地(di)質量(liang)保(bao)護(hu)與提(ti)升行(xing)動，研(yan)究(jiu)利用(yong)補(bu)貼方(fang)式鼓勵(li)引(yin)導農(nong)民推(tui)進秸稈還田、種(zhong)(zhong)植綠(lv)肥(fei)、積造(zao)農(nong)家肥(fei)、增(zeng)施(shi)(shi)有(you)機肥(fei)，合理調整施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)結構，著力提(ti)升耕地(di)內在(zai)質量(liang)。力爭(zheng)到2020年，實(shi)(shi)現測(ce)土配(pei)方(fang)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)技術(shu)(shu)推(tui)廣(guang)覆蓋率達(da)到90%以上(shang)，化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)利用(yong)率達(da)到40%以上(shang)，全(quan)國(guo)主要農(nong)作物化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)使(shi)用(yong)量(liang)實(shi)(shi)現零(ling)增(zeng)長(chang)。
三是實施(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)零(ling)增(zeng)長(chang)行(xing)(xing)動。堅(jian)持綜合(he)治(zhi)理、標本(ben)兼治(zhi)，實現科學用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和精準施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。加強(qiang)(qiang)對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的管理，強(qiang)(qiang)化源(yuan)頭(tou)治(zhi)理，規范農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民使(shi)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。全(quan)面推行(xing)(xing)高毒(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)定點經(jing)營，建立高毒(du)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)可追(zhui)溯體系。實施(shi)好低(di)(di)毒(du)低(di)(di)殘留農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)試點，逐步擴大(da)補貼(tie)項目實施(shi)范圍，加速生物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、高效低(di)(di)毒(du)低(di)(di)殘留農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)推廣應用(yong)(yong)。鼓勵農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)社(she)會化服(fu)務組織對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民使(shi)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)提供(gong)指導和服(fu)務，大(da)力推進專業(ye)化統(tong)防(fang)統(tong)治(zhi)與(yu)綠(lv)色(se)防(fang)控融(rong)合(he)。確保(bao)到2020年主要農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)病蟲害(hai)綠(lv)色(se)防(fang)控覆蓋率達到30%以(yi)上，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)利用(yong)(yong)率達到40%以(yi)上，全(quan)國主要農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)量實現零(ling)增(zeng)長(chang)。
四是推(tui)(tui)(tui)進養殖(zhi)(zhi)污(wu)染防(fang)治。統籌(chou)考慮環(huan)境承載能(neng)力及畜禽(qin)(qin)養殖(zhi)(zhi)污(wu)染防(fang)治要求，科學規劃布局(ju)畜禽(qin)(qin)養殖(zhi)(zhi)。推(tui)(tui)(tui)行標準化規模養殖(zhi)(zhi)，配(pei)(pei)套(tao)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)處(chu)(chu)理(li)利用設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)，改進設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)養殖(zhi)(zhi)工藝，完善技術(shu)裝備條件，鼓勵(li)和(he)支(zhi)持散養密集(ji)區實行畜禽(qin)(qin)糞污(wu)分戶(hu)收(shou)集(ji)、集(ji)中處(chu)(chu)理(li)。加強(qiang)水產健康養殖(zhi)(zhi)示范場建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，推(tui)(tui)(tui)廣工廠化循(xun)環(huan)水養殖(zhi)(zhi)、池塘生態循(xun)環(huan)水養殖(zhi)(zhi)及大水面(mian)網(wang)箱養殖(zhi)(zhi)底排污(wu)等水產養殖(zhi)(zhi)技術(shu)。實現到2020年，75%以上(shang)的規模畜禽(qin)(qin)養殖(zhi)(zhi)場(區)配(pei)(pei)套(tao)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)廢(fei)棄物貯存處(chu)(chu)理(li)利用設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)。
五(wu)是著力解決(jue)農田殘膜(mo)(mo)(mo)污染。加(jia)(jia)快地(di)(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)標(biao)準(zhun)修訂，嚴(yan)格(ge)規定地(di)(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)厚度和拉伸強度，嚴(yan)禁生(sheng)產(chan)和使(shi)用(yong)不(bu)符合標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)地(di)(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)，從源頭保證(zheng)農田殘膜(mo)(mo)(mo)可(ke)回(hui)收(shou)。加(jia)(jia)大旱作農業技術補助資金支持。開展(zhan)農田殘膜(mo)(mo)(mo)回(hui)收(shou)區域性示范，扶持地(di)(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)回(hui)收(shou)網點和廢舊地(di)(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)能力建(jian)設，逐(zhu)步健全(quan)回(hui)收(shou)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)網絡，創新地(di)(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)回(hui)收(shou)與(yu)再(zai)利(li)用(yong)機制(zhi)。加(jia)(jia)快生(sheng)態友(you)好型可(ke)降(jiang)解地(di)(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)及(ji)地(di)(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)殘留撿(jian)拾與(yu)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)機械的(de)研(yan)發(fa)，建(jian)立健全(quan)可(ke)降(jiang)解地(di)(di)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)評估評價體系。確(que)保到2020年(nian)，實現當季農膜(mo)(mo)(mo)回(hui)收(shou)率(lv)達到80%以上的(de)目標(biao)。
六是深入開(kai)展秸(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)稈(gan)(gan)資源化(hua)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。按照(zhao)“政策支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)、示范(fan)(fan)引(yin)導、以(yi)農(nong)為主、產業發展、市場運(yun)作(zuo)”的思路(lu)，因地制宜推進(jin)秸(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)稈(gan)(gan)“五料化(hua)”全量利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。要進(jin)一步支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)秸(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)稈(gan)(gan)收集機(ji)械(xie)還田、青黃貯飼料化(hua)、微生物(wu)腐化(hua)和固化(hua)炭化(hua)氣化(hua)等新技(ji)術示范(fan)(fan)，研(yan)究出臺秸(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)稈(gan)(gan)初加工(gong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電享受(shou)農(nong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電價(jia)格、收儲用(yong)(yong)(yong)地納入農(nong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)地管(guan)理、信(xin)貸扶持(chi)(chi)等政策措施。加快建立(li)秸(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)稈(gan)(gan)收儲運(yun)輸市場化(hua)機(ji)制，降低(di)收儲運(yun)輸成(cheng)本(ben)，推進(jin)秸(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)稈(gan)(gan)綜合(he)(he)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的規模化(hua)、產業化(hua)發展。在(zai)大氣污染重(zhong)點區域，啟(qi)動秸(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)稈(gan)(gan)綜合(he)(he)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)示范(fan)(fan)縣建設(she)，從根本(ben)上解(jie)決秸(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)稈(gan)(gan)露天焚燒問題。實(shi)現到(dao)2020年，秸(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)稈(gan)(gan)綜合(he)(he)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)率達85%以(yi)上的目標。
農業面源污(wu)染治理是一場攻堅戰、持久戰，需要立足當前，著(zhu)眼長遠，要著(zhu)力做好五(wu)個“強(qiang)化”和(he)五(wu)個“加(jia)大(da)”，強(qiang)化頂層設(she)計(ji)、加(jia)大(da)規劃實(shi)施(shi)力度，強(qiang)化依法推(tui)動(dong)、加(jia)大(da)監管執法，強(qiang)化財政保障(zhang)、加(jia)大(da)社(she)會參與，強(qiang)化監測(ce)預警、加(jia)大(da)科(ke)技支(zhi)撐，強(qiang)化政策創設(she)、加(jia)大(da)監督考核，多措并(bing)舉，狠抓落實(shi)，確保農業面源污(wu)染防治工作取得(de)新突破(po)、邁向新臺階。
