我省今春冷(leng)暖空氣(qi)活動頻繁，氣(qi)溫(wen)波動較(jiao)大(da)，升、降(jiang)(jiang)溫(wen)過(guo)程明顯(xian)，且5月上旬大(da)風(feng)天氣(qi)較(jiao)多，出現明顯(xian)降(jiang)(jiang)雨過(guo)程和階段(duan)性(xing)低溫(wen)，大(da)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)蔬菜(cai)定植晚于常年，秧(yang)苗生(sheng)長緩慢，抗(kang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)性(xing)降(jiang)(jiang)低。據全省各(ge)蔬菜(cai)監(jian)測點5月8日～15日調查(cha)，棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)室(shi)(shi)蔬菜(cai)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲害(hai)已陸續(xu)開(kai)始發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)為害(hai)。目前(qian)(qian)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)的黃(huang)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)主(zhu)要有(you)細菌性(xing)角(jiao)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、霜(shuang)霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、枯萎病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、靶(ba)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、菌核(he)(he)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等，番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)(qie)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)主(zhu)要有(you)葉霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、灰霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、晚疫(yi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、早(zao)疫(yi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、潰瘍病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等。黃(huang)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)角(jiao)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)(qie)葉霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等前(qian)(qian)期低溫(wen)型病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)已較(jiao)普遍，黃(huang)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)角(jiao)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)平均(jun)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)37.7%、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)23.5%，番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)(qie)葉霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)平均(jun)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)31%、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)5.5%，其它病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)在部(bu)分地(di)區(qu)(qu)已陸續(xu)開(kai)始發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)。齊齊哈爾(er)(er)市(shi)(shi)郊(jiao)(jiao)區(qu)(qu)黃(huang)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)霜(shuang)霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)67%、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)100%，黃(huang)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)菌核(he)(he)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)34%、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)50%。大(da)慶(qing)市(shi)(shi)郊(jiao)(jiao)區(qu)(qu)黃(huang)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)靶(ba)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)33%、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)86.7%，黃(huang)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)枯萎病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)33%、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)2.7%，番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)(qie)灰霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)67%、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)11.3%，番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)(qie)晚疫(yi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)67%、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)5.3%。密山(shan)市(shi)(shi)黃(huang)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)霜(shuang)霉(mei)(mei)(mei)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)4%、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)16%，番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)(qie)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)4%、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)23%，番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)(qie)早(zao)疫(yi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)2%、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)4%，番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)(qie)潰瘍病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)2%、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)18%,菜(cai)豆病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)2%、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)4%。牡丹(dan)江市(shi)(shi)郊(jiao)(jiao)區(qu)(qu)番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)(qie)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)33%、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)2.7%。雙鴨(ya)山(shan)市(shi)(shi)郊(jiao)(jiao)區(qu)(qu)番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)(qie)晚疫(yi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)33%、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)3.2%。目前(qian)(qian)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)室(shi)(shi)蔬菜(cai)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)的蟲害(hai)有(you)斑潛蠅(ying)、白粉虱、蚜蟲、跳甲(jia)等。斑潛蠅(ying)在多種作物上發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)，其中(zhong)，大(da)慶(qing)市(shi)(shi)郊(jiao)(jiao)區(qu)(qu)溫(wen)室(shi)(shi)黃(huang)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)、大(da)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)菜(cai)豆蟲株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)80%；賓縣大(da)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)黃(huang)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)、牡丹(dan)江市(shi)(shi)郊(jiao)(jiao)區(qu)(qu)大(da)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)甘藍(lan)蟲株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)分別為4.7%和4%；依安(an)溫(wen)室(shi)(shi)菜(cai)豆蟲株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)達100%。白粉虱在齊齊哈爾(er)(er)市(shi)(shi)郊(jiao)(jiao)區(qu)(qu)黃(huang)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)溫(wen)室(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)33%、蟲株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)20%。蚜蟲在密山(shan)黃(huang)瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)(gua)大(da)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)2%、蟲株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)6%。跳甲(jia)在牡丹(dan)江市(shi)(shi)郊(jiao)(jiao)區(qu)(qu)白菜(cai)大(da)棚(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)蟲株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)3%。
氣象預報(bao)，近10天(tian)，我省(sheng)氣溫先升后(hou)降(jiang)，并又一次(ci)大風及大范圍降(jiang)溫、降(jiang)水過程(cheng)，有利于(yu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)的(de)發生(sheng)流(liu)行，預計(ji)黃(huang)瓜霜霉病(bing)(bing)(bing)、角斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)、菌核病(bing)(bing)(bing)，番茄葉霉病(bing)(bing)(bing)、灰霉病(bing)(bing)(bing)、早(zao)疫病(bing)(bing)(bing)和晚疫病(bing)(bing)(bing)等病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)將進一步加重。同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，持續降(jiang)雨后(hou)天(tian)氣轉晴，作(zuo)物植(zhi)株根系活性(xing)弱，植(zhi)株萎(wei)蔫、缺素等生(sheng)理性(xing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)也將不同(tong)(tong)程(cheng)度(du)發生(sheng)。對此，各地要加強棚室科(ke)學(xue)管理，及時(shi)做好(hao)監測(ce)預報(bao)，指導(dao)菜(cai)農采取綜合(he)措施，科(ke)學(xue)有效控制(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)為害(hai)。
防治建議：
棚室蔬菜(cai)病蟲害防(fang)(fang)治，應積極采取生(sheng)態、農業、物(wu)理等措施，創造(zao)不利于病蟲害發生(sheng)的溫濕(shi)度環境，提高(gao)作(zuo)物(wu)抗性，有效減輕病蟲害發生(sheng)程度，配(pei)合(he)(he)藥劑(ji)防(fang)(fang)治，綜(zong)合(he)(he)控(kong)制病蟲為害。
一、加強棚(peng)室溫(wen)濕(shi)(shi)度(du)及光(guang)照的(de)調控(kong)。一是以溫(wen)度(du)管理(li)為主線(xian)，合(he)(he)理(li)控(kong)制棚(peng)溫(wen)。連(lian)陰(yin)天(tian)(tian)后，突然轉晴，晴天(tian)(tian)當(dang)天(tian)(tian)，應(ying)通過(guo)遮陰(yin)避(bi)免棚(peng)溫(wen)迅速升高，使棚(peng)溫(wen)逐漸升高，防止植株(zhu)脫水發生(sheng)急性凋萎(wei)。二是增加光(guang)照強度(du)，提高光(guang)合(he)(he)作用。在(zai)連(lian)陰(yin)天(tian)(tian)弱(ruo)光(guang)的(de)情況下應(ying)千方百計增強棚(peng)內光(guang)照。應(ying)勤擦拭棚(peng)膜(mo)、消除棚(peng)膜(mo)上(shang)露珠，保證(zheng)透光(guang)率，并可利用日光(guang)燈、沼(zhao)氣燈等(deng)人工補充光(guang)照。三是控(kong)制棚(peng)內濕(shi)(shi)度(du)，減輕病害發生(sheng)。可采取熏(xun)煙(yan)或噴粉結合(he)(he)噴霧(wu)施藥方法，減少噴霧(wu)次數，降低(di)棚(peng)內濕(shi)(shi)度(du)。同時(shi)合(he)(he)理(li)澆(jiao)水，在(zai)保證(zheng)溫(wen)度(du)的(de)前提下，盡可能延長通風時(shi)間(jian)，降低(di)棚(peng)內濕(shi)(shi)度(du)。
二(er)、合(he)理施肥(fei)(fei)補充(chong)營養。減少化(hua)學(xue)肥(fei)(fei)料特(te)別是氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)的(de)使用，避免燒(shao)根或(huo)熏(xun)苗。增施生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)菌肥(fei)(fei)，促進根系生(sheng)長，提高植株的(de)抗(kang)(kang)病抗(kang)(kang)逆能(neng)(neng)力。同時，合(he)理葉面噴肥(fei)(fei)，補充(chong)蔬(shu)菜(cai)所需營養，增強作物(wu)(wu)的(de)抗(kang)(kang)逆能(neng)(neng)力。
三、優先采(cai)用(yong)生物和物理(li)防(fang)(fang)治技(ji)術。物理(li)防(fang)(fang)治：充分利(li)用(yong)設施(shi)封閉的栽(zai)培條件，在通風口或(huo)門窗安裝防(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)網，防(fang)(fang)止害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)侵(qin)入(ru)棚室；或(huo)在通風處懸掛銀灰色的薄膜條，驅避蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、煙粉虱(shi)(shi)等，減輕(qing)蔬(shu)菜病毒病的發(fa)生。斑潛蠅(ying)、白(bai)粉虱(shi)(shi)、蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)可利(li)用(yong)黃(huang)板誘殺(sha)，薊馬(ma)可用(yong)籃板誘殺(sha)。生物防(fang)(fang)治：白(bai)粉虱(shi)(shi)等蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)可用(yong)短(duan)穩桿(gan)菌噴霧(wu)防(fang)(fang)治。真(zhen)菌性病害(hai)(hai)(hai)可用(yong)寡雄腐酶(mei)、枯草芽孢桿(gan)菌防(fang)(fang)治，細(xi)(xi)菌性病害(hai)(hai)(hai)可用(yong)枯草芽孢桿(gan)菌細(xi)(xi)菌專用(yong)型(xing)防(fang)(fang)治，根部線蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病害(hai)(hai)(hai)可用(yong)淡紫擬(ni)青霉防(fang)(fang)治。
四、科學合理使用化學農藥防治。棚室蔬菜病蟲害種類較多，要針對不同的病蟲害種類及發生時期，科學合理選擇防效好的保護性藥劑或治療性藥劑，對癥治療；并應指導菜農做好監測調查，依照防治指標，科學施藥防治，避免盲目亂打藥引起的農藥浪費和污染。灰霉病可用嘧霉胺、硫菌·霉威粉塵劑；葉霉病、早疫病可用氟硅唑、戊唑醇；黃瓜黑星病可用醚菌酯、嘧霉胺；霜霉病可用霜脲錳鋅、丙森鋅、霜霉威、嘧菌酯。防治細菌性病害，可用氫氧化銅、新植霉素、琥膠肥酸銅。斑潛蠅可用滅蠅胺，白粉虱、薊馬、蚜蟲可用吡蟲啉、啶蟲脒、噻蟲嗪。
