1、資質壁壘
我國對農藥生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)實行從生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)廠家到生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)種(zhong)的(de)嚴格管控，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)需做(zuo)到“三(san)證(zheng)”齊全，即生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)某(mou)個品(pin)種(zhong)的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥還需要(yao)獲(huo)得農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥登記證(zheng)、全國(guo)工業產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)許可證(zheng)(適(shi)用(yong)于產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)已有國(guo)家標準(zhun)(zhun)或(huo)(huo)行業標準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥)或(huo)(huo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)批(pi)準(zhun)(zhun)證(zheng)書(適(shi)用(yong)于產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)僅有企(qi)業標準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥)并取得農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量標準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)(bei)案(an)后(hou)方可進(jin)行生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)。獲(huo)得并保有“三(san)證(zheng)”對(dui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥企(qi)業的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)條件、執行的(de)質(zhi)量技術(shu)規范要(yao)求(qiu)、科學管理和(he)清(qing)潔生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)要(yao)求(qiu)有提(ti)高的(de)趨勢。不同(tong)時具備(bei)(bei)“三(san)證(zheng)”的(de)企(qi)業無(wu)法(fa)進(jin)行農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)。
2、技術壁壘
根據(ju)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)原藥(yao)(yao)的(de)專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)保護(hu)程度，農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)大(da)(da)體(ti)(ti)可(ke)分為(wei)專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)和(he)(he)非專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)兩種，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)非專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)又可(ke)分為(wei)專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)到期農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)及無專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)。在(zai)專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)方面(mian)，目(mu)前，先正達、拜耳、巴斯(si)夫、孟山都、陶氏(shi)、杜邦等(deng)六大(da)(da)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)公司(si)憑借其(qi)雄厚的(de)資本(ben)實(shi)(shi)力和(he)(he)技術(shu)實(shi)(shi)力，代表了全(quan)球(qiu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)研發(fa)和(he)(he)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)領(ling)先水(shui)平。在(zai)專(zhuan)(zhuan)利(li)(li)到期農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)方面(mian)，技術(shu)壁(bi)壘主要(yao)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)在(zai)殘留率、純(chun)度的(de)控制(zhi)等(deng)方面(mian)，主要(yao)通過新生(sheng)產(chan)設備的(de)投(tou)入和(he)(he)生(sheng)產(chan)環節(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)工藝技術(shu)的(de)突(tu)破(po)和(he)(he)優(you)化來實(shi)(shi)現(xian)。資本(ben)實(shi)(shi)力和(he)(he)技術(shu)實(shi)(shi)力不足的(de)小型(xing)廠家難以(yi)通過持(chi)續技術(shu)投(tou)入保障技術(shu)與產(chan)品質量(liang)的(de)先進性，從而在(zai)市(shi)場競(jing)爭(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)處于被動。
3、環保壁壘
環(huan)保壁壘(lei)主要體現在(zai)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)本(ben)身和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)兩(liang)個(ge)方面(mian)。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)本(ben)身，隨著《關(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)在(zai)國(guo)際貿(mao)易中(zhong)對(dui)某些危險化學(xue)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)和(he)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)采用(yong)(yong)事先知情同意程(cheng)序的鹿特丹公約》、《關(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)持久性(xing)有機污染物的斯德哥爾摩公約》和(he)《關(guan)(guan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)化學(xue)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)注(zhu)冊、評(ping)估、許可和(he)限制法案》等(deng)國(guo)際公約和(he)國(guo)家(jia)、地區性(xing)法規規定的逐漸嚴(yan)格(ge)，部分(fen)對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境和(he)人體健康(kang)有重大損害(hai)(hai)的農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)被禁止繼續使用(yong)(yong)。同時，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)允許使用(yong)(yong)的農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)，對(dui)其中(zhong)有害(hai)(hai)雜質的殘留率等(deng)環(huan)保指標(biao)(biao)亦有趨嚴(yan)態勢，例如，聯合國(guo)糧農(nong)(nong)組織1998年規定的百(bai)菌清(qing)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)中(zhong)的六氯苯最大含(han)量(liang)為300ppm，而到(dao)(dao)目(mu)前(qian)這(zhe)一標(biao)(biao)準已經限制至40ppm，而且(qie)目(mu)前(qian)部分(fen)客(ke)戶已要求(qiu)提供(gong)10ppm的產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)。標(biao)(biao)準的提高(gao)對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)部分(fen)無法改進生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)技術、提高(gao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)環(huan)保水平的廠家(jia)而言(yan)，極(ji)大地增加(jia)了(le)持續盈利(li)的難度。此外，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)的環(huan)保要求(qiu)還擴展到(dao)(dao)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的整個(ge)過(guo)程(cheng)，日益嚴(yan)格(ge)的環(huan)保法規要求(qiu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)企(qi)業從(cong)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)控(kong)制到(dao)(dao)末端(duan)治理的整個(ge)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)鏈條處(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)有效的環(huan)保控(kong)制之(zhi)下，從(cong)而將(jiang)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)與施用(yong)(yong)對(dui)生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境的影響保持在(zai)最低水平，并將(jiang)這(zhe)一控(kong)制能(neng)力納(na)入對(dui)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)企(qi)業的整體評(ping)估之(zhi)中(zhong)，提高(gao)了(le)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)與銷售(shou)的合規難度。
4、客戶信賴壁壘(lei)
基(ji)于環保等方面(mian)法(fa)(fa)規的(de)(de)嚴格(ge)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，農(nong)(nong)藥產(chan)品的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)和環保合(he)(he)規性(xing)直(zhi)接影響(xiang)到其能否進入某(mou)(mou)一特定市(shi)場(chang)，尤(you)其是環保要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)極高(gao)的(de)(de)歐洲市(shi)場(chang)。因此(ci)，下游廠商(shang)對農(nong)(nong)藥原(yuan)藥及制劑產(chan)品的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)和環保要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)較(jiao)高(gao)，先期(qi)選擇供(gong)應(ying)商(shang)時(shi)，考(kao)察的(de)(de)環節比較(jiao)全面(mian)、驗證過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)較(jiao)長，同時(shi)，就(jiu)某(mou)(mou)一廠家的(de)(de)某(mou)(mou)一產(chan)品在特定地區獲得農(nong)(nong)藥登(deng)記(ji)亦(yi)需付出一定的(de)(de)人力物力成(cheng)本;在持(chi)續采購的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，注重與其供(gong)應(ying)商(shang)就(jiu)法(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)規要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)和市(shi)場(chang)需要(yao)(yao)及時(shi)溝通，這種過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)客觀(guan)上促進了原(yuan)藥供(gong)應(ying)廠商(shang)產(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)提(ti)升。經過(guo)(guo)多年合(he)(he)作而形成(cheng)的(de)(de)信任關系(xi)既(ji)有(you)業已付出的(de)(de)登(deng)記(ji)成(cheng)本作為物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)礎，又有(you)持(chi)續保障產(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)作為后續驅動力，因此(ci)彼(bi)此(ci)間合(he)(he)作較(jiao)為穩定，新的(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)進入者想要(yao)(yao)突(tu)破這種信賴關系(xi)難度較(jiao)大。
5、資金規模(mo)壁壘
我國農(nong)藥(yao)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)準(zhun)入(ru)(ru)(ru)制(zhi)(zhi)，國家對新核準(zhun)農(nong)藥(yao)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)了較高的(de)(de)(de)門檻：原藥(yao)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)注(zhu)冊(ce)資(zi)金(jin)不(bu)低于5,000萬元(yuan)，投(tou)資(zi)規(gui)模不(bu)低于5,000萬元(yuan)(不(bu)含土(tu)地使(shi)用(yong)費);制(zhi)(zhi)劑(加工、復(fu)配)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)注(zhu)冊(ce)資(zi)金(jin)不(bu)低于3,000萬元(yuan)，投(tou)資(zi)規(gui)模不(bu)低于2,000萬元(yuan)(不(bu)含土(tu)地使(shi)用(yong)費)。同時，從(cong)(cong)目(mu)前的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)趨勢來看，農(nong)藥(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)產廠商為(wei)了滿足大型下游客戶的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求，確保農(nong)藥(yao)產品質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)性穩(wen)定(ding)性，通常需(xu)投(tou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)高性能的(de)(de)(de)研發(fa)及生(sheng)(sheng)產設(she)備(bei)，該等設(she)備(bei)通常以(yi)價格高昂的(de)(de)(de)進口設(she)備(bei)為(wei)主(zhu)，并輔(fu)以(yi)具(ju)(ju)有(you)豐富(fu)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經(jing)(jing)驗的(de)(de)(de)高素質(zhi)人才，故而需(xu)具(ju)(ju)備(bei)相應的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)金(jin)實(shi)力以(yi)滿足技術、人才、環保等方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)。再次(ci)，農(nong)藥(yao)產品一般需(xu)要經(jing)(jing)歷較長時間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)質(zhi)認證(zheng)和市(shi)場考察期，從(cong)(cong)而需(xu)要企業(ye)(ye)(ye)有(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)流動資(zi)金(jin)支持(chi)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)運轉。行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)新進入(ru)(ru)(ru)者需(xu)具(ju)(ju)備(bei)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟規(gui)模方(fang)能與現有(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)展(zhan)開市(shi)場競爭。
