國(guo)家“863計劃”課(ke)題(ti)“轉(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)因(yin)抗(kang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)小(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)”育種(zhong)日前獲得專家鑒定(ding),標志著我國(guo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)因(yin)小(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)育種(zhong)取(qu)(qu)得突破。蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)是危害小(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)之一,特別(bie)是在我國(guo)東部(bu)小(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)主(zhu)產(chan)區。蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在取(qu)(qu)食時分泌一種(zhong)粘液,會降(jiang)低葉(xie)片的(de)光合作用效率(lv),其刺(ci)吸式口(kou)器刺(ci)入(ru)葉(xie)片時也(ye)會產(chan)生傷口(kou),傳播多(duo)種(zhong)病毒。長期以來,我國(guo)主(zhu)要(yao)靠噴施殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑來防治(zhi),在殺(sha)死蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)同時,殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑也(ye)會消(xiao)滅蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)天敵,破壞生態(tai)環境。
由河(he)北大學朱寶成教授領導的(de)(de)“抗蟲(chong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)因(yin)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)”課題(ti)組(zu),將(jiang)一種(zhong)(zhong)抗蟲(chong)基(ji)因(yin)導入小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)細(xi)胞,得(de)(de)到抗蚜蟲(chong)的(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)。研究中(zhong),專(zhuan)家(jia)選擇了我國華(hua)北地(di)區(qu)廣泛種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)的(de)(de)幾個小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),成功(gong)(gong)地(di)將(jiang)抗蚜蟲(chong)基(ji)因(yin)導入小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)植(zhi)株(zhu),誘導轉(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)因(yin)細(xi)胞分化,獲得(de)(de)了抗蟲(chong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)因(yin)小(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)植(zhi)株(zhu),再從中(zhong)選出對麥(mai)(mai)蚜具有(you)較強抗性的(de)(de)植(zhi)株(zhu)。目前,該研究已經成功(gong)(gong)育出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)基(ji)因(yin)植(zhi)株(zhu)的(de)(de)第(di)二代種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi),通過了科技(ji)部專(zhuan)家(jia)組(zu)的(de)(de)鑒(jian)定。
實驗表明,這種轉基因小麥使植株上的蚜蟲減少了70%以上,對蚜蟲、褐飛虱、葉蟬等同翅害蟲都有很好的抗性。這種轉基因小麥的生產、產量及品質與普通小麥沒有明顯差別。中國農業科學院的專家介紹說,這種轉基因小麥品種的應用和推廣,將大大減少農藥使用量,減輕農藥對生態環境的破壞性污染,生產前景廣闊。
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