一、發生趨勢
根據當前(qian)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)田病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)情況(kuang)、小麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)長勢(shi)，結(jie)合(he)省(sheng)氣(qi)象臺4-5月(yue)(yue)份天氣(qi)預報及相(xiang)關病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲歷史(shi)資料綜合(he)分析，預計(ji)今年我(wo)省(sheng)小麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)穗期病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲總體為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)等發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)程度(du)略重于去年同期。其中(zhong)(zhong)小麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)吸漿蟲偏輕(qing)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，運(yun)城的永濟，臨(lin)汾的堯(yao)都、洪洞等局部(bu)(bu)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)田偏重發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)80萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)，防治適(shi)期在4月(yue)(yue)下(xia)旬至5月(yue)(yue)上旬；麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)蜘蛛偏重發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，面積(ji)(ji)(ji)330萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)，發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)峰(feng)在4月(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)旬；麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)穗蚜(ya)偏重至大(da)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)610萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)，防治適(shi)期為(wei)5月(yue)(yue)上、中(zhong)(zhong)旬；白粉病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)大(da)部(bu)(bu)中(zhong)(zhong)等，局部(bu)(bu)沿(yan)山旱地(di)及高(gao)水肥、大(da)種(zhong)群麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)田中(zhong)(zhong)等至偏重發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)290萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)；葉(xie)銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、紋枯(ku)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)偏輕(qing)流(liu)行(xing)，發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)分別為(wei)100萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)和180萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)；小麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)全蝕病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、黑(hei)穗病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)在運(yun)城、臨(lin)汾、晉(jin)城麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)區(qu)局部(bu)(bu)地(di)塊有重發(fa)(fa)可(ke)能(neng)，發(fa)(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)均在50萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)左(zuo)右；小麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)條銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)在南(nan)部(bu)(bu)沿(yan)黃河流(liu)域麥(mai)(mai)(mai)(mai)區(qu)有偏輕(qing)流(liu)行(xing)的可(ke)能(neng)，面積(ji)(ji)(ji)在70萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)左(zuo)右，流(liu)行(xing)高(gao)峰(feng)在5月(yue)(yue)上、中(zhong)(zhong)旬。
二(er)、預報依據
1、當(dang)前蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)情(qing) 4月(yue)中旬以(yi)(yi)來持續回升的(de)(de)氣溫給我省(sheng)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)區(qu)(qu)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)蜘(zhi)蛛(zhu)、麥(mai)(mai)(mai)蚜(ya)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)蔓延提供了極為(wei)有(you)利(li)的(de)(de)條件。截止4月(yue)19日調(diao)(diao)查統計，全(quan)(quan)(quan)省(sheng)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)面積(ji)970萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)次，較(jiao)(jiao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)同(tong)(tong)期(qi)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)47.9%，其(qi)中麥(mai)(mai)(mai)蜘(zhi)蛛(zhu)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)面積(ji)510萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)，比(bi)去(qu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)了55%。運城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)聞喜、萬(wan)榮、臨(lin)猗、鹽湖等重(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)縣(xian)(xian)區(qu)(qu)平(ping)(ping)均單(dan)尺行(xing)長有(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)千頭(tou)(tou)，嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)塊(kuai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)萬(wan)頭(tou)(tou)；晉(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)蜘(zhi)蛛(zhu)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)間平(ping)(ping)均蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)口(kou)密度(du)也達(da)(da)到(dao)每(mei)尺行(xing)長500頭(tou)(tou)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)，沁水(shui)、陽城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和澤(ze)州等嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)塊(kuai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)到(dao)5000頭(tou)(tou)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。目前小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在各麥(mai)(mai)(mai)區(qu)(qu)均有(you)不同(tong)(tong)程(cheng)度(du)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)，全(quan)(quan)(quan)省(sheng)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)面積(ji)220萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)，較(jiao)(jiao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)同(tong)(tong)期(qi)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)100%，田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)間蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)口(kou)密度(du)明(ming)顯(xian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)于去(qu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)和近(jin)(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，運城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)近(jin)(jin)期(qi)調(diao)(diao)查一(yi)(yi)般百莖蚜(ya)量(liang)(liang)(liang)20-30頭(tou)(tou)，個別田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)塊(kuai)達(da)(da)到(dao)700頭(tou)(tou)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。3月(yue)下旬至(zhi)4月(yue)中旬我省(sheng)各麥(mai)(mai)(mai)區(qu)(qu)淘(tao)土調(diao)(diao)查，今(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)吸漿(jiang)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)區(qu)(qu)域與(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)相同(tong)(tong)，仍(reng)主要分布在運城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、臨(lin)汾麥(mai)(mai)(mai)區(qu)(qu)，全(quan)(quan)(quan)省(sheng)有(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)面積(ji)90萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)，發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)區(qu)(qu)域土壤(rang)平(ping)(ping)均含(han)(han)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)每(mei)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)方(fang)(fang)有(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)2-3頭(tou)(tou)，較(jiao)(jiao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)基本持平(ping)(ping)；最高(gao)(gao)(gao)含(han)(han)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)每(mei)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)方(fang)(fang)75頭(tou)(tou)，較(jiao)(jiao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)44頭(tou)(tou)。其(qi)中運城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)平(ping)(ping)均每(mei)樣方(fang)(fang)有(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)1.2頭(tou)(tou)，較(jiao)(jiao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)10%，較(jiao)(jiao)常(chang)(chang)(chang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)減少65%；臨(lin)汾市(shi)(shi)(shi)平(ping)(ping)均每(mei)樣方(fang)(fang)有(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)4.5頭(tou)(tou)，較(jiao)(jiao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)41%，較(jiao)(jiao)常(chang)(chang)(chang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)減少25%，但各縣(xian)(xian)土壤(rang)含(han)(han)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)增(zeng)減不一(yi)(yi)，其(qi)中洪洞、堯(yao)都區(qu)(qu)分別由上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)均16.9頭(tou)(tou)和2.4頭(tou)(tou)下降至(zhi)今(jin)年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)5.9頭(tou)(tou)和1.52頭(tou)(tou)；襄汾、候(hou)馬、翼城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)(ping)均每(mei)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)方(fang)(fang)含(han)(han)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)8.6，8.4和4.9頭(tou)(tou)，分別較(jiao)(jiao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)48%、140%和16%。近(jin)(jin)期(qi)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫干旱(han)天(tian)氣并未抑(yi)制(zhi)白粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)流行(xing)，運城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、臨(lin)汾等地(di)沿山旱(han)地(di)白粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)加(jia)(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)趨(qu)勢(shi)明(ming)顯(xian)。近(jin)(jin)日調(diao)(diao)查，以(yi)(yi)旱(han)地(di)為(wei)主的(de)(de)萬(wan)榮縣(xian)(xian)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)區(qu)(qu)白粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)發(fa)(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)率(lv)高(gao)(gao)(gao)達(da)(da)70%，一(yi)(yi)般田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)塊(kuai)病(bing)(bing)(bing)莖率(lv)在20-30%，嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)塊(kuai)病(bing)(bing)(bing)莖率(lv)達(da)(da)到(dao)90%以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。平(ping)(ping)均病(bing)(bing)(bing)葉率(lv)1-2%，最高(gao)(gao)(gao)10%。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)紋枯病(bing)(bing)(bing)偏輕(qing)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)，發(fa)(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)程(cheng)度(du)與(yu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)持平(ping)(ping)。一(yi)(yi)般麥(mai)(mai)(mai)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)病(bing)(bing)(bing)莖率(lv)3-5%，嚴(yan)(yan)(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)塊(kuai)病(bing)(bing)(bing)莖率(lv)達(da)(da)到(dao)20%以(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。截止目前，全(quan)(quan)(quan)省(sheng)調(diao)(diao)查尚(shang)未發(fa)(fa)現銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)為(wei)害。與(yu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)，條銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)情(qing)況(kuang)與(yu)常(chang)(chang)(chang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)相當(dang)，葉銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)與(yu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)持平(ping)(ping)，輕(qing)于常(chang)(chang)(chang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)同(tong)(tong)期(qi)。
2、氣象因(yin)素 據(ju)省(sheng)氣象臺預報：2011年春季麥(mai)(mai)(mai)區(qu)降(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)較常年同(tong)期(qi)(qi)偏(pian)少1～2成(cheng)，其中4月(yue)，全省(sheng)降(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)在(zai)12～35mm之間(jian)，與常年同(tong)期(qi)(qi)相比，大部(bu)(bu)分地(di)(di)市偏(pian)少1～2成(cheng)；5月(yue)降(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)在(zai)23～46毫米之間(jian)，南部(bu)(bu)大部(bu)(bu)分地(di)(di)區(qu)偏(pian)少1～2成(cheng)。4、5月(yue)份全省(sheng)大部(bu)(bu)分地(di)(di)區(qu)氣溫略(lve)偏(pian)高(gao)至偏(pian)高(gao)。氣候條(tiao)件總體對小麥(mai)(mai)(mai)中后期(qi)(qi)麥(mai)(mai)(mai)蜘蛛、麥(mai)(mai)(mai)穗(sui)蚜等喜旱性害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)發生有(you)利，對吸漿蟲(chong)(chong)、紋枯(ku)病、銹病發生不利。
3、生態條件 受早(zao)春旱情和三月低溫(wen)的影響，今年冬小麥(mai)(mai)返(fan)青期(qi)和拔節期(qi)都(dou)較常(chang)(chang)年推遲(chi)。從目前來(lai)看，小麥(mai)(mai)長(chang)勢好于常(chang)(chang)年，小麥(mai)(mai)苗(miao)情為4:4:2，今年我(wo)省(sheng)麥(mai)(mai)區主栽品種(zhong)有晉麥(mai)(mai)系列（如晉麥(mai)(mai)37、47、53、67）以及邯6172、臨豐(feng)615、運9805、濟麥(mai)(mai)21號、煙農19等總(zong)體來(lai)說，除部分品種(zhong)對條銹病(bing)表現較強抗性外，大部分品種(zhong)對穗期(qi)主要病(bing)蟲（吸(xi)漿(jiang)蟲、穗蚜、紋(wen)枯病(bing)、白粉病(bing)、銹病(bing)等）抗性中等或(huo)較差，旱地小麥(mai)(mai)品種(zhong)不抗白粉病(bing)在(zai)生產中表現的尤為突出。
三、防(fang)治建(jian)議
穗期是小麥病蟲(chong)盛發(fa)期，也是病蟲(chong)防(fang)控(kong)(kong)的(de)關鍵時期，生產中要加(jia)強肥(fei)水(shui)管理，養根、護葉、防(fang)早(zao)衰，提高自身(shen)抗病蟲(chong)能(neng)力(li)，同時注意保護和利用天敵，以充(chong)分發(fa)揮天敵的(de)自然(ran)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)作用。
小麥吸漿蟲常發區在小麥抽穗、未揚花前選用40％辛硫磷乳油或40％甲基異柳磷乳油或80%敵敵畏乳油，每畝200～250毫升加水2.5公斤，拌細砂土30～35公斤順麥壟撒施地面，殺死上升地表的幼蟲和蛹，撒施后及時用木棍輕輕拍打麥苗，以便毒土充分撒落地表。5月上旬，選用4.5％高效氯氰菊酯乳油，每畝25毫升加水40公斤噴霧，兼治麥蚜、粘蟲和麥葉蜂；當麥穗蚜百株蚜量高于500頭時，可選用吡蟲啉、抗蚜威等高效、低毒農藥對水噴(pen)(pen)霧防(fang)治；此(ci)外需注意的是在麥(mai)蚜、吸漿蟲、白(bai)粉(fen)病、銹病等病蟲混(hun)發區(qu)，提倡(chang)推廣“一噴(pen)(pen)三防(fang)”技術，按常規藥量(liang)，采取殺(sha)菌劑(ji)(ji)、殺(sha)蟲劑(ji)(ji)與磷(lin)酸二氫鉀混(hun)配噴(pen)(pen)霧防(fang)治，達到防(fang)蟲、治病、抗(kang)干熱風(feng)和節本增效的目的。
來源(yuan)：山西(xi)省植(zhi)保植(zhi)檢總站
