“把生物農藥作為發展主流”是(shi)我國近幾年來提出的口號。毋(wu)容置疑，未來國家必(bi)將大力(li)扶持生物農藥(yao)企業的發展，生物農藥(yao)的明天(tian)必(bi)定充滿(man)陽光。
生物農藥的概念目前已經被廣泛傳播開來，生物農藥是指利用生物活體或其代謝產物對害蟲、病菌、雜草、線蟲、鼠類等有害生物進行防治的一類農藥制劑，或者是通過仿生合成具有特異作用的農藥制劑。中國生物農藥按照其成分和來源可分為微生物活體農藥、微生物代謝產物農藥、植物源農藥、動物源農藥四個部分。按照防治對象可分為殺蟲劑、殺菌劑、除草劑、殺螨(man)劑、殺鼠劑、植(zhi)物生長調節劑等。
隨(sui)著人們(men)對(dui)環保和(he)(he)健康的(de)關注，在已經解決“吃得飽”問(wen)題、需要解決“吃得好”問(wen)題的(de)今天，高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)、高(gao)毒的(de)有(you)機(ji)磷農(nong)藥的(de)使用在世界各國都受到不同程度(du)的(de)限制。高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)、低(di)毒、低(di)殘(can)留(liu)是(shi)農(nong)藥產業的(de)發(fa)展方向(xiang)，主要包括兩大(da)類——高(gao)效(xiao)(xiao)、低(di)毒的(de)化學農(nong)藥和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)藥，他們(men)就(jiu)好比自行(xing)車(che)的(de)兩個輪子“缺一不可”，所以生(sheng)(sheng)物農(nong)藥的(de)發(fa)展前景無(wu)疑是(shi)廣(guang)闊的(de)。
目前(qian)，我國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)產企業(ye)少，生(sheng)(sheng)產規模小(xiao)，品種單一，市場占有(you)率低，發(fa)展(zhan)后勁不足，與發(fa)達(da)國(guo)家(jia)相比存在很大(da)的(de)差距。發(fa)展(zhan)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)的(de)確是到了刻(ke)不容(rong)緩的(de)地步，我認為在發(fa)展(zhan)微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)活體農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)、微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)代謝產物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)、植物(wu)(wu)源農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)類生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)的(de)同(tong)時，尤其是要大(da)力發(fa)展(zhan)動物(wu)(wu)源農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)類生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)，以形(xing)成具有(you)中國(guo)特色的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)產業(ye)。
而(er)在生物農藥(yao)中(zhong)占有(you)重要(yao)地位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒類農藥(yao)則是未(wei)來國家大力發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)重中(zhong)之(zhi)重，昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒曾以選(xuan)擇性和(he)專(zhuan)化(hua)性高而(er)著稱，但試驗(yan)證明一(yi)種昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)桿狀病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒能感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)其(qi)他昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。如：家蠶核(he)型(xing)多(duo)角(jiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒能侵(qin)染(ran)(ran)柞(zuo)蠶等11種昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。歐(ou)洲云杉(shan)(shan)卷(juan)(juan)葉(xie)蛾(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)核(he)型(xing)多(duo)角(jiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒能侵(qin)染(ran)(ran)云杉(shan)(shan)卷(juan)(juan)葉(xie)蛾(e)(e)、蘋果囊蛾(e)(e)、李食心蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、歐(ou)洲松梢卷(juan)(juan)葉(xie)蛾(e)(e)等。紅棕(zong)灰夜蛾(e)(e)核(he)型(xing)多(duo)角(jiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒能侵(qin)染(ran)(ran)銀紋(wen)(wen)夜蛾(e)(e)、黃地老虎(hu)、粘(zhan)(zhan)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等12種夜蛾(e)(e)科害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。同時(shi)一(yi)種昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)也可合并(bing)感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)兩類不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒，如黃地老虎(hu)、菜(cai)粉(fen)蝶、粘(zhan)(zhan)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、粉(fen)紋(wen)(wen)夜蛾(e)(e)、云杉(shan)(shan)卷(juan)(juan)葉(xie)蛾(e)(e)等可合并(bing)感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)核(he)型(xing)多(duo)角(jiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒和(he)顆粒(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒。粘(zhan)(zhan)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)合并(bing)感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)核(he)型(xing)多(duo)角(jiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒和(he)顆粒(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒時(shi)，顆粒(li)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒能增(zeng)強核(he)型(xing)多(duo)角(jiao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)，有(you)協同增(zeng)效作用。
據報道，我(wo)國(guo)約(yue)有20種昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)毒進行(xing)過或正在進行(xing)大(da)(da)田(tian)試驗。其中(zhong)研究較多(duo)(duo)應(ying)用較廣的如棉(mian)(mian)鈴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)核(he)型(xing)多(duo)(duo)角體(ti)(ti)(ti)病(bing)毒，用該(gai)種病(bing)毒防治(zhi)(zhi)棉(mian)(mian)鈴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，每667m2用感染病(bing)毒的老齡死(si)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)2～30頭(核(he)型(xing)多(duo)(duo)角體(ti)(ti)(ti)數(shu)約(yue)為(wei)0.15～6×l011)對水(shui)噴(pen)(pen)霧，在棉(mian)(mian)花(hua)生(sheng)長(chang)期發生(sheng)害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)時每隔4～5天噴(pen)(pen)1次(ci)(ci)，共噴(pen)(pen)9次(ci)(ci)，棉(mian)(mian)花(hua)產(chan)(chan)量比對照(zhao)區顯(xian)著增產(chan)(chan)。另據報道，美(mei)國(guo)應(ying)用棉(mian)(mian)鈴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)核(he)型(xing)多(duo)(duo)角體(ti)(ti)(ti)病(bing)毒的制劑(ji)防治(zhi)(zhi)棉(mian)(mian)花(hua)、玉(yu)米、高(gao)梁(liang)、煙草(cao)、番茄等作物上的棉(mian)(mian)鈴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和煙草(cao)夜蛾(e)等害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的效果一般相當于(yu)常(chang)用化學(xue)農(nong)藥(yao)。甘藍夜蛾(e)核(he)型(xing)多(duo)(duo)角體(ti)(ti)(ti)病(bing)毒殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)譜很(hen)廣，對32種鱗翅(chi)目昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)有很(hen)好的防治(zhi)(zhi)效果，其中(zhong)對二化螟、稻縱卷(juan)葉(xie)螟、小菜蛾(e)、棉(mian)(mian)鈴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、甜(tian)菜夜蛾(e)、甘藍夜蛾(e)、煙青蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、尺(chi)蠖、黃(huang)地老虎和粘蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等危害比較大(da)(da)的蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害效果最明顯(xian)。這(zhe)些昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)毒類(lei)農(nong)藥(yao)與一些高(gao)毒化學(xue)農(nong)藥(yao)相比，防治(zhi)(zhi)效果并不差，但對農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品質量、農(nong)業生(sheng)態環境十分安全(quan)。
利(li)用昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)病(bing)毒(du)(du)類農(nong)藥防治害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)一(yi)方面可(ke)以起(qi)到微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)短期(qi)防治作(zuo)用，另一(yi)方面使用后有(you)可(ke)能(neng)使病(bing)毒(du)(du)長期(qi)存在于農(nong)林生(sheng)(sheng)態系中，作(zuo)為一(yi)類被引入的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態因子而起(qi)調節害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)種群密度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。常規(gui)方法(fa)施用或(huo)釋放帶毒(du)(du)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)散(san)布一(yi)定限量的(de)(de)(de)(de)病(bing)毒(du)(du)后，病(bing)原可(ke)在昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)種群間自(zi)行傳播。毒(du)(du)餌(er)劑(ji)(ji)和(he)散(san)布帶毒(du)(du)蟲(chong)(chong)體具(ju)有(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)經卵巢傳播的(de)(de)(de)(de)潛(qian)力，其他昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)或(huo)寄生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)和(he)捕食者有(you)機械傳播病(bing)毒(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)潛(qian)能(neng)。所(suo)以說病(bing)毒(du)(du)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)藥是(shi)具(ju)有(you)全(quan)面殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)和(he)控制害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)種群數量作(zuo)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)，開創了殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新時(shi)代(dai)，與其他農(nong)藥的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵差(cha)異點就是(shi)能(neng)在害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)種群中形成“蟲(chong)(chong)瘟”的(de)(de)(de)(de)專一(yi)、持效、不(bu)易產生(sheng)(sheng)抗(kang)性、方便、安全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高效殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)(ji)。
在不(bu)久前(qian)中國(guo)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑產(chan)業高(gao)峰論壇上專(zhuan)家指出，生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥取代化學農(nong)(nong)藥的(de)(de)使(shi)用是(shi)國(guo)際農(nong)(nong)藥發(fa)展的(de)(de)趨勢，國(guo)家已將生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥產(chan)業列為(wei)“十二五”新興(xing)戰略性產(chan)業。昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)劑具有(you)對靶害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)效(xiao)果好，不(bu)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)環境，不(bu)傷(shang)害天敵(di)，不(bu)易導致害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)抗性等優(you)點，是(shi)極具發(fa)展潛力的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥品種之(zhi)一。沒有(you)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)農(nong)(nong)藥—昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)類農(nong)(nong)藥是(shi)能(neng)使(shi)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)致病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)特殊克星，利用病(bing)(bing)毒(du)防(fang)治農(nong)(nong)林(lin)害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),越(yue)來越(yue)引(yin)起人們的(de)(de)普遍關注，這(zhe)是(shi)一項很有(you)前(qian)途的(de)(de)預防(fang)措施。這(zhe)種病(bing)(bing)毒(du)進入蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)后(hou)，病(bing)(bing)毒(du)粒子(zi)(zi)在肌體(ti)內增(zeng)殖，蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)組(zu)織(zhi)遭(zao)到破壞而(er)最(zui)后(hou)死(si)亡。昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)除侵(qin)染(ran)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)外，還能(neng)侵(qin)入蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)卵(luan)，使(shi)胚胎一開始發(fa)育便孕育了先天性病(bing)(bing)毒(du)。也能(neng)附著在卵(luan)殼(ke)上.，幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)孵化時(shi)使(shi)之(zhi)感病(bing)(bing)而(er)死(si)亡。成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)又能(neng)把病(bing)(bing)毒(du)傳給(gei)下(xia)代，能(neng)引(yin)起大規模(mo)的(de)(de)流(liu)行，因(yin)而(er)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)治蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)能(neng)收(shou)到使(shi)害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)“斷子(zi)(zi)絕孫”的(de)(de)功效(xiao)。至今全世界(jie)發(fa)現報道的(de)(de)昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)為(wei) 1671種，我(wo)國(guo)調查發(fa)掘昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)資源為(wei)291種。由(you)此可見，昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)資源十分豐(feng)富，發(fa)展昆(kun)(kun)(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)類農(nong)(nong)藥潛力巨大。
化學(xue)(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)新藥(yao)(yao)(yao)開(kai)發是越(yue)來越(yue)難，新藥(yao)(yao)(yao)出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)速度遠遠低于害蟲抗性的(de)(de)(de)(de)速度；而(er)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)相對(dui)簡單，其次，生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)具有安全、無毒副(fu)作用(yong)、低污染、低能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)、低碳(tan)排放，符合人類生(sheng)(sheng)存環境要(yao)(yao)求。大力發展生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)已成為必然的(de)(de)(de)(de)趨勢，同時(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)是綠色(se)食(shi)品生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)保證。在我國綠色(se)食(shi)品生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)標(biao)準中已明確規定，AA級綠色(se)食(shi)品生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)要(yao)(yao)使用(yong)Bt、病毒等生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。雖然生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)本(ben)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)成本(ben)稍(shao)高于化學(xue)(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，但其帶(dai)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)效益卻不可(ke)估量，可(ke)以廣(guang)泛用(yong)于綠色(se)食(shi)品、有機食(shi)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，提高農(nong)(nong)(nong)作物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品質，產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效益。另外，隨著食(shi)品安全制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)逐步建(jian)立(li)和農(nong)(nong)(nong)民使用(yong)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意識和技能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提高，綠色(se)農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品必將(jiang)被廣(guang)大消費者所認可(ke)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)殘(can)留量高的(de)(de)(de)(de)食(shi)品必將(jiang)被市場(chang)淘汰。
生(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)藥發(fa)展的趨(qu)勢已經成(cheng)(cheng)為定局，雖然(ran)生(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)藥目(mu)前研發(fa)、產業化，規(gui)模(mo)化及推廣還有一(yi)定難度，但不少業內人(ren)士表示生(sheng)物農(nong)(nong)藥或將(jiang)成(cheng)(cheng)為今后農(nong)(nong)藥的主流品種。
