重視影響農藥零增長的主要因素
抓住減量降害的“控藥”重點
年底，國(guo)(guo)家領導(dao)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)談及(ji)“三農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)”工作(zuo)時(shi)，提(ti)出“控藥(yao)(yao)(yao)”問題(ti)，筆者認為這(zhe)是(shi)對我(wo)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)產(chan)發(fa)展(zhan)新(xin)階段(duan)關于農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊提(ti)法(fa)，非常(chang)必要(yao)和(he)(he)(he)及(ji)時(shi)，且針對性(xing)強(qiang)，其(qi)(qi)真(zhen)正(zheng)(zheng)涵義就(jiu)是(shi)要(yao)加(jia)大農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)監管力(li)度，在(zai)嚴格(ge)監控下(xia)(xia)生(sheng)產(chan)經營使(shi)(shi)(shi)用農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，有效發(fa)揮農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)作(zuo)用，大幅減(jian)(jian)少農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)效應。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)已成為全(quan)球農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)產(chan)、使(shi)(shi)(shi)用和(he)(he)(he)出口第(di)一(yi)大國(guo)(guo)。全(quan)世(shi)界有上千個農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)品種，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)登記的(de)(de)(de)(de)達(da)650種；本世(shi)紀初農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)年產(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)在(zai)80萬噸(dun)左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)，目前，全(quan)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)年生(sheng)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)350萬噸(dun)左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)，出口量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)在(zai) 160萬噸(dun)以上；國(guo)(guo)內(nei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)年使(shi)(shi)(shi)用量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)近50萬噸(dun)左(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)。當前農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業“控藥(yao)(yao)(yao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)重點應該(gai)是(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)降(jiang)害(hai)。首先是(shi)環境保(bao)護和(he)(he)(he)治理(li)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業面源污染的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)大量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)生(sheng)產(chan)和(he)(he)(he)廣(guang)泛使(shi)(shi)(shi)用是(shi)造成環境污染的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)因(yin)素之一(yi)。其(qi)(qi)次是(shi)保(bao)障農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品質量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)安(an)全(quan)和(he)(he)(he)保(bao)護人(ren)(ren)畜生(sheng)命安(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。再次是(shi)綜合治理(li)病(bing)(bing)蟲草(cao)害(hai)對策和(he)(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業可持續發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。過分依賴化學農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，造成大量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物病(bing)(bing)蟲的(de)(de)(de)(de)耐藥(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)抗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)提(ti)高，使(shi)(shi)(shi)得農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)防治效果下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)不斷加(jia)大，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)產(chan)成本大幅增(zeng)加(jia)。
因素一：登記數量持續大幅上升 資源分配不合理
歐美國家早(zao)在上世(shi)紀(ji)初就開展了(le)農(nong)藥(yao)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)管理，已(yi)有(you)100多年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)歷史。我(wo)國農(nong)藥(yao)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)起步晚，1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)頒布(bu)實施(shi)《農(nong)藥(yao)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)規(gui)定》，至今(jin)只有(you)三(san)十多年(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)展史。上世(shi)紀(ji)末，取得農(nong)藥(yao)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)不(bu)到九千個，90%以上是臨(lin)時登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)，正(zheng)(zheng)式(shi)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)多為國外產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)。盡管農(nong)業部(bu)(bu)2007年(nian)(nian)(nian)開展了(le)的(de)農(nong)藥(yao)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)整改年(nian)(nian)(nian)活動，但登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)數(shu)(shu)量仍持續(xu)大幅(fu)上升(sheng)，只是正(zheng)(zheng)式(shi)與臨(lin)時登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)比例(li)發(fa)(fa)生了(le)巨大變(bian)化。2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)，農(nong)藥(yao)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)共有(you)29631個，其中正(zheng)(zheng)式(shi)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)27784個，由(you)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)前的(de)不(bu)足10%上升(sheng)到93.7%。截止2015年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月底，共登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)農(nong)藥(yao)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)32019個，正(zheng)(zheng)式(shi)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)數(shu)(shu)30758個，臨(lin)時登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)數(shu)(shu)不(bu)足4%。登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)數(shu)(shu)量如此之大，大宗作物(wu)用藥(yao)的(de)同質成(cheng)分(fen)太多，有(you)的(de)同一(yi)(yi)成(cheng)分(fen)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)達幾百個，而一(yi)(yi)些小宗作物(wu)無(wu)合(he)法農(nong)藥(yao)可(ke)用。據農(nong)業部(bu)(bu)農(nong)藥(yao)檢定所2012年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)調查，964個小宗農(nong)作物(wu)的(de)病蟲害，有(you)874個無(wu)合(he)法登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)農(nong)藥(yao)，占90.7%。全國僅1/5的(de)常(chang)年(nian)(nian)(nian)種植(zhi)蔬菜品(pin)(pin)(pin)種、1/3的(de)常(chang)發(fa)(fa)病蟲害有(you)登(deng)(deng)(deng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)農(nong)藥(yao)可(ke)用。
因素二：生產企業小而多產能過剩 技術水平落后
我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)生產(chan)雖(sui)然發展迅速，形成(cheng)了原藥(yao)(yao)生產(chan)、制劑加工(gong)、原料中(zhong)間體(ti)、科技(ji)(ji)開發在內的工(gong)業體(ti)系，但(dan)企業規模小，數(shu)量(liang)(liang)多(duo)，工(gong)藝技(ji)(ji)術落后、設備設施差，總(zong)產(chan)能產(chan)量(liang)(liang)增長過(guo)猛。目前(qian)有農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)企業（包括衛生殺蟲劑企業）達2600多(duo)家，行(xing)業前(qian)10大企業占全國(guo)總(zong)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)的比重不到(dao)20%，前(qian)20大企業占總(zong)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)比重也只有30%左右。國(guo)家統計局的數(shu)據顯(xian)示，上世紀五十年(nian)代(dai)，農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)年(nian)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)不足萬(wan)噸(dun)，1986年(nian)也只是10.2萬(wan)噸(dun)，1996年(nian)為38.1萬(wan)噸(dun)，2005年(nian)突破100萬(wan)噸(dun)，2013年(nian)高達319萬(wan)噸(dun)。
因素三：經營單位多而散人員素質低 經營行為難規范
我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)經(jing)營單(dan)位多而(er)散，主(zhu)體素質差，農(nong)(nong)(nong)民用藥(yao)主(zhu)要由個(ge)體戶供應。據調查，全國(guo)共有農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)經(jing)營單(dan)位35萬(wan)多個(ge)，經(jing)營人(ren)員60多萬(wan)，90%農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)經(jing)營者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)文化程度在高中及以(yi)下(xia)(xia)學歷，近八(ba)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營單(dan)位在3人(ren)以(yi)下(xia)(xia)。國(guo)家統計(ji)局和海關(guan)總署公布的(de)(de)(de)數據表(biao)明，我(wo)國(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)行(xing)業銷(xiao)售額持續(xu)增(zeng)長，銷(xiao)售收入(ru)從2005年的(de)(de)(de)625億(yi)元(yuan)增(zeng)至2012年的(de)(de)(de)2363億(yi)元(yuan)，復合增(zeng)長率達21%。近幾年農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)出(chu)口額也是(shi)增(zeng)長的(de)(de)(de)，穩定(ding)在310億(yi)美元(yuan)左右，但市(shi)場規模只占全球農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)市(shi)場銷(xiao)售額的(de)(de)(de)6%，排(pai)世界(jie)第五。農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)出(chu)口最大(da)特點也是(shi)貨物數量(liang)大(da)，價格低。1994年出(chu)口量(liang)為6.1萬(wan)噸，到2013年，農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)出(chu)口數量(liang)高達162.2萬(wan)噸。
因素四：農民安全用藥情況堪憂
據農(nong)(nong)(nong)業部調查，全(quan)國有(you)2.5億(yi)左右(you)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶，從事農(nong)(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)(sheng)產人(ren)員3億(yi)多個，農(nong)(nong)(nong)作物(wu)病(bing)蟲害(hai)的(de)(de)防治，80%以(yi)上(shang)是農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)自己完(wan)成，六七成農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)購買和(he)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)依(yi)靠經銷商的(de)(de)推薦。全(quan)國大(da)田農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)年(nian)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)量35萬(wan)噸左右(you)，商品量80萬(wan)噸，居世(shi)界第一位，農(nong)(nong)(nong)田單位面積用(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)量是世(shi)界平均水平的(de)(de)2.5倍。農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)安全(quan)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)情況(kuang)堪憂，農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)在具(ju)體使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)浪費了(le)30%以(yi)上(shang)，65%以(yi)上(shang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶噴施(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)沒(mei)有(you)保護措施(shi)，因農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)當(dang)造成危(wei)害(hai)的(de)(de)事故(gu)時有(you)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)，30%多的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)戶曾(ceng)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)過不(bu)(bu)同程(cheng)度的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)中(zhong)毒(du)。
全國農技推廣服務中心調查分析，2013年全國病蟲草鼠害發生面積73億畝次，其中，病蟲害的發生面積54億畝次，防治面積67億畝次；農田草害防治面積16億畝次；農田鼠害防治面積3億畝次。31個省植保植檢站（不含西藏）統計，2013年我國農業用藥96.72萬噸（商品量），折百量31.1萬噸。其中殺蟲劑和殺螨劑12.2萬噸，占農藥總量的40.5%；殺菌劑8.0萬噸，占農藥總量的25.8%；除草劑10.1萬噸(dun)，占(zhan)農(nong)藥總量(liang)(liang)的32.4%。2013年農(nong)藥使用量(liang)(liang)超過1萬噸(dun)的省(sheng)份有(you)16個，用藥量(liang)(liang)在(zai)24萬噸(dun)左右，占(zhan)全國農(nong)藥總用量(liang)(liang)的75%以上。山東、黑(hei)龍江、云(yun)南(nan)(nan)、四川、河南(nan)(nan)、廣(guang)西、廣(guang)東、湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)、湖(hu)北、安徽(hui)等前十位的省(sheng)（自治區）用藥量(liang)(liang)為19萬噸(dun)，是(shi)全國農(nong)藥總用量(liang)(liang)的六成。
因素五：管理薄弱，農藥生產經營秩序混亂
因農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)特(te)殊性(xing)，大(da)多數國(guo)家都制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)嚴格的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管(guan)理(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)1905年(nian)制(zhi)定(ding)的(de)《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管(guan)理(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》是(shi)世(shi)界(jie)上第一部農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)專(zhuan)門法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)，標(biao)志著世(shi)界(jie)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管(guan)理(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)化的(de)開(kai)始。隨后(hou)美國(guo)、加(jia)拿大(da)、德國(guo)等(deng)也相繼(ji)制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管(guan)理(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。美國(guo)制(zhi)定(ding)的(de)《聯邦殺蟲(chong)劑、殺菌刺和(he)(he)殺鼠(shu)劑法(fa)(fa)(fa)》，簡稱《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》，至今已進(jin)行了(le)10多次修改，且不斷完善。世(shi)界(jie)糧農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)組織和(he)(he)世(shi)界(jie)衛(wei)生組織等(deng)許多國(guo)際組織，都對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制(zhi)訂(ding)了(le)一系列的(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)和(he)(he)技術規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)與標(biao)準。我國(guo)1997年(nian)國(guo)務院頒布了(le)第一部專(zhuan)門的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管(guan)理(li)(li)規(gui)(gui)章(zhang)制(zhi)度(du)《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管(guan)理(li)(li)條(tiao)例》，雖也經過些(xie)修改，但很不完善。尤其(qi)是(shi)在管(guan)理(li)(li)制(zhi)度(du)設計、管(guan)理(li)(li)方式方法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)上存在著許多缺(que)陷，如(ru)對生產(chan)、銷售、使用假(jia)冒偽劣農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)品的(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)及懲(cheng)處、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)市場秩序的(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)負效(xiao)應的(de)防治與監控(kong)等(deng)方面相當薄弱，急需重(zhong)新修訂(ding)。
我(wo)國農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)生(sheng)產技術水平落后，部分企業仍在使(shi)用(yong)淘汰(tai)的(de)工藝技術；研發(fa)能(neng)力(li)薄弱，侵犯(fan)知識產權現象時有發(fa)生(sheng)；產品科(ke)技含(han)量低，品種(zhong)多(duo)(duo)濫雜，同(tong)質(zhi)化嚴(yan)重；資(zi)源浪費、污(wu)染環境等問題突(tu)出。農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)經營主體(ti)(ti)是按計(ji)劃經濟體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)設計(ji)的(de)專營模(mo)式，因社會經濟發(fa)展速度之(zhi)快(kuai)，改革變化之(zhi)大，目(mu)前實際上的(de)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)市(shi)場處于(yu)完全放開狀態。加之(zhi)經營單位和個人(ren)良莠不(bu)齊，相(xiang)當多(duo)(duo)的(de)農藥(yao)(yao)(yao)經營人(ren)員“賣(mai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)懂(dong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，違法不(bu)知法”，不(bu)可(ke)能(neng)針對(dui)防治(zhi)需要而供藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，更(geng)談不(bu)上對(dui)農民進(jin)行(xing)科(ke)學(xue)、安全用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)指導(dao)。從而導(dao)致農民用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)不(bu)對(dui)路(lu)，防治(zhi)效果差，加大了用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)量。
因素六：用藥技術水平低 農民環保意識差
目前，廣大(da)農(nong)(nong)村基(ji)(ji)本(ben)是一(yi)(yi)家(jia)一(yi)(yi)戶分(fen)散(san)經營，絕大(da)多數農(nong)(nong)區的(de)(de)(de)青壯(zhuang)年勞動力外出打(da)工(gong)，在家(jia)種(zhong)(zhong)田(tian)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)是老(lao)人和婦女，文(wen)化(hua)程度(du)低，身體素質差，管(guan)理粗(cu)放，農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)安全使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)標準(zhun)和安全使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)原則基(ji)(ji)本(ben)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)了(le)解，對(dui)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)性質知之(zhi)甚少，農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)問題突出，主要(yao)表現(xian)：一(yi)(yi)是品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)當，施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方法不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)正確(que)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)管(guan)防(fang)什(shen)么病(bing)(bing)(bing)，治什(shen)么蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)論水稻和蔬(shu)菜，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)大(da)棚和露地，只按(an)照(zhao)自己的(de)(de)(de)習(xi)慣，怎樣(yang)方便怎樣(yang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，一(yi)(yi)成不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)變地使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方法；也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)按(an)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)為害(hai)習(xi)性來施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)量(liang)大(da)增(zeng)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)害(hai)事(shi)故也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)發生。二是藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑選擇不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)科學，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑量(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)標準(zhun)。防(fang)治同一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai)，多種(zhong)(zhong)相同作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)一(yi)(yi)起使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)根(gen)據防(fang)治對(dui)象、作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)和施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)時間(jian)對(dui)癥用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，常常是連續多次(ci)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)量(liang)激增(zeng)，利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)率低下。三是盲目施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)目的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明確(que)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)按(an)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)預報情況(kuang)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)管(guan)有(you)無(wu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，防(fang)效(xiao)(xiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)佳，施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)次(ci)數增(zeng)多。四(si)是故意(yi)加大(da)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)濃(nong)度(du)，兌水量(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)按(an)照(zhao)技(ji)術部門推(tui)薦(jian)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)理用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)配置農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，認(ren)為濃(nong)度(du)越大(da)，效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)越好(hao)，造成浪費，甚至出現(xian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)害(hai)。五是隨意(yi)施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)時間(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)準(zhun)確(que)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)按(an)田(tian)間(jian)病(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)草害(hai)發生的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)治適期(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，而(er)是根(gen)據自己的(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，因防(fang)治不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)適期(qi)，效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)增(zeng)加防(fang)治次(ci)數，造成用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)量(liang)倍增(zeng)。
另外，農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使用(yong)中急需高度關注的(de)(de)兩個問題：一是(shi)(shi)施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)器械落后。目前農(nong)戶使用(yong)的(de)(de)噴霧器絕大多數還是(shi)(shi)工農(nong)-16型老式器械，“跑、冒、滴、漏(lou)”現(xian)象嚴重(zhong)，影響了(le)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)質量，降低了(le)防治效果，且(qie)造成浪(lang)費(fei)，加大了(le)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)投入量。二是(shi)(shi)隨意丟棄農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)廢棄物(wu)。對用(yong)過的(de)(de)農(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)瓶、袋等包裝物(wu)隨意丟棄，污染環境，殘留藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)蒸發(fa)到(dao)空(kong)氣中，或經(jing)過水沖(chong)、雨淋流入到(dao)河流、土壤里等產生危害。
措施一：源頭控制，把好登記關，整合農藥生產，凈化農藥市場
充分利用(yong)(yong)特殊農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)投入品(pin)的(de)(de)管理(li)(li)(li)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，從準入源頭上大(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)壓減同(tong)成(cheng)分的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)，迅速清理(li)(li)(li)過(guo)剩和(he)大(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)重復的(de)(de)相(xiang)同(tong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)，撤消一批(pi)不(bu)適(shi)應(ying)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)需要(yao)的(de)(de)為了登(deng)記(ji)(ji)而(er)登(deng)記(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)同(tong)質(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)登(deng)記(ji)(ji)證。徹(che)底改變目前農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)登(deng)記(ji)(ji)證數量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)多(duo)，同(tong)質(zhi)嚴重而(er)大(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)蔬菜(cai)與一些特色(se)小(xiao)宗作(zuo)物無合(he)法農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)可用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)準入狀況。大(da)(da)力(li)整(zheng)合(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)，堅決關(guan)停(ting)一批(pi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)技術落后(hou)(hou)、環保(bao)投入不(bu)足(zu)、質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控制(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)好、研發(fa)能(neng)力(li)不(bu)強、設備設施簡(jian)陋(lou)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)，徹(che)底清理(li)(li)(li)采用(yong)(yong)傳統工(gong)藝的(de)(de)原藥(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)、制(zhi)(zhi)劑加工(gong)等落后(hou)(hou)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)作(zuo)坊與廠家(jia)。盡快建立農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)類(lei)似于藥(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)GMP標準的(de)(de)認證制(zhi)(zhi)度，不(bu)達標，不(bu)合(he)格(ge)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)必(bi)須淘汰(tai)。大(da)(da)幅(fu)度削減農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)能(neng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，通過(guo)必(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)行(xing)政(zheng)手(shou)段(duan)和(he)市(shi)場手(shou)段(duan)，規范農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)秩序(xu)，促進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)升級。建立農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)經營許可制(zhi)(zhi)度，全面實行(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)可溯源管理(li)(li)(li)，大(da)(da)力(li)整(zheng)治農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)市(shi)場秩序(xu)，堅決懲處制(zhi)(zhi)售假冒偽(wei)劣農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)違法犯罪(zui)行(xing)為，徹(che)底清理(li)(li)(li)無證無照農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)經營者，凈(jing)化農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)市(shi)場。
措施二：轉變觀念，堅持科學植保，綠色植保，綜合防治的方針
植(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)(shi)人(ren)類從事農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產活動的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)組成部(bu)分，植(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)功(gong)能(neng)必(bi)須兼顧(gu)環境保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)平衡(heng)(heng)、可持續發展(zhan)、人(ren)畜安全等(deng)多個方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)，這也是(shi)(shi)現(xian)代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)一個不(bu)可逾越的(de)(de)(de)重大(da)課題。改進(jin)防(fang)控理念，推(tui)進(jin)綠色防(fang)控首先(xian)要(yao)正(zheng)確認識防(fang)治(zhi)效果，用藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)控制病(bing)蟲(chong)雜草的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)一步為害(hai)(hai)(hai)，減(jian)少(shao)經濟(ji)損失(shi)，而不(bu)是(shi)(shi)全面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)滅它。加強農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)建(jian)設(she)(she)，促進(jin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)平衡(heng)(heng)是(shi)(shi)綠色植(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)內(nei)容。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田是(shi)(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物(wu)有害(hai)(hai)(hai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)和有益生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)種(zhong)群的(de)(de)(de)棲(qi)身場所，在長(chang)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)共生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)中處于生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)平衡(heng)(heng)和生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)多樣(yang)性，各地(di)可根據實際(ji)情(qing)況(kuang)，因地(di)制宜，建(jian)設(she)(she)水土保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)良好、物(wu)種(zhong)多樣(yang)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)平衡(heng)(heng)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田。然(ran)后是(shi)(shi)堅持預(yu)防(fang)為主(zhu)，綜(zong)合(he)防(fang)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)針，徹底改變(bian)長(chang)期(qi)完全依(yi)賴化(hua)學(xue)(xue)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)防(fang)治(zhi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作物(wu)有害(hai)(hai)(hai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)做法，科學(xue)(xue)合(he)理地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產、管理和使用農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)，大(da)力發展(zhan)有機農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)，強化(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)防(fang)治(zhi)、物(wu)理防(fang)治(zhi)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)防(fang)治(zhi)等(deng)等(deng)綠色防(fang)控植(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)措施，使病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)(hai)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)范(fan)圍減(jian)少(shao)、程度降低，最大(da)限度地(di)減(jian)輕農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)對人(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)危害(hai)(hai)(hai)。
措施三：大力削減化學農藥，以生物農藥等環境友好型農藥替代
在有效控制(zhi)(zhi)農(nong)作物(wu)病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)草害(hai)的前提(ti)下，先大幅度減少化學農(nong)藥的使用(yong)量，以環境友好型農(nong)藥替代，應用(yong)高效、低(di)毒(du)、低(di)殘(can)留新品種農(nong)藥。生物(wu)農(nong)藥如(ru)蘇云金桿菌(jun)、白僵菌(jun)等真(zhen)菌(jun)制(zhi)(zhi)劑，植物(wu)制(zhi)(zhi)劑如(ru)苦參(can)楝(lian)、印楝(lian)素(su)等均已(yi)較為成熟。病(bing)(bing)毒(du)殺(sha)蟲(chong)劑如(ru)防治十字花科蔬菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)害(hai)蟲(chong)的病(bing)(bing)毒(du)制(zhi)(zhi)劑有菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)青蟲(chong)顆(ke)粒體病(bing)(bing)毒(du)制(zhi)(zhi)劑、小菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)蛾(e)顆(ke)粒體病(bing)(bing)毒(du)制(zhi)(zhi)劑、甜(tian)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)夜(ye)蛾(e)核型多角體病(bing)(bing)毒(du)劑等。抗生素(su)類如(ru)阿維菌(jun)素(su)等，可防治菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)青蟲(chong)、小菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)蛾(e)、甜(tian)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)夜(ye)蛾(e)、斜(xie)紋夜(ye)蛾(e)、甘藍夜(ye)蛾(e)、菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)蚜(ya)、黃條跳甲、斑潛蠅(ying)、葉螨等蔬菜(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)害(hai)蟲(chong)。
措施四：研究先進使用技術，改進施藥機械，全面降低農藥使用量
通(tong)(tong)過改(gai)進(jin)施(shi)藥(yao)(yao)技(ji)術和組織方式，推進(jin)科學(xue)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)與統防統治(zhi)。用(yong)高效(xiao)(xiao)低(di)毒(du)低(di)殘留的好藥(yao)(yao)，科學(xue)添加噴霧(wu)增效(xiao)(xiao)助劑，促進(jin)農藥(yao)(yao)減量增效(xiao)(xiao)。用(yong)新型高效(xiao)(xiao)植保機械，降低(di)飄移損失(shi)，提高噴霧(wu)對(dui)靶性，提高農藥(yao)(yao)利用(yong)率(lv)。通(tong)(tong)過發(fa)展裝備精良、技(ji)術先進(jin)、管(guan)理規范的專業化(hua)服務組織，集(ji)中(zhong)連片作業，解決一家一戶(hu)打藥(yao)(yao)時間不統一，致使(shi)遷飛(fei)性、流行(xing)性病蟲來(lai)回遷飛(fei)蔓延(yan)危害、防治(zhi)效(xiao)(xiao)果差的問題。
減少(shao)(shao)(shao)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)，關鍵要(yao)(yao)(yao)減少(shao)(shao)(shao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)次(ci)數，減少(shao)(shao)(shao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)，減少(shao)(shao)(shao)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)流失，提(ti)高(gao)防(fang)治效果(guo)。一要(yao)(yao)(yao)建立(li)健全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物有(you)害(hai)(hai)(hai)生物預測預報(bao)網絡體系(xi)，改進(jin)(jin)(jin)和(he)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)先進(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測報(bao)設(she)施(shi)(shi)(shi)設(she)備，做(zuo)到(dao)精準測報(bao)，尤(you)其是要(yao)(yao)(yao)提(ti)高(gao)中、長(chang)期(qi)測報(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精準率(lv)，為(wei)防(fang)治農(nong)(nong)業有(you)害(hai)(hai)(hai)生物提(ti)供可靠(kao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依據。制定(ding)動態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復合(he)防(fang)治指標，為(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)水(shui)平(ping)未達到(dao)經濟閾值，就無(wu)(wu)須噴(pen)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)防(fang)治。真正做(zuo)到(dao)有(you)害(hai)(hai)(hai)生物防(fang)治發布(bu)及(ji)時，主(zhu)攻對(dui)象明確(que)，使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)對(dui)路，防(fang)治技(ji)術到(dao)位，防(fang)治方法可靠(kao)。二(er)要(yao)(yao)(yao)建立(li)健全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植保技(ji)術推廣(guang)服務隊(dui)伍，指導農(nong)(nong)民(min)科學合(he)理使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。首(shou)先要(yao)(yao)(yao)做(zuo)到(dao)對(dui)癥下(xia)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，篩選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)出使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)低、防(fang)治效果(guo)好(hao)、環境安(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。根據有(you)害(hai)(hai)(hai)生物發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際(ji)情況，篩選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)品種(zhong)、優(you)化(hua)防(fang)治策略。如針對(dui)害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性、某(mou)種(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)能引(yin)起某(mou)些害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)殊反應等進(jin)(jin)(jin)行合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)。蔬菜、水(shui)果(guo)、茶葉(xie)等必須根據農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)特(te)(te)點(dian)和(he)毒性，選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)高(gao)效、低毒、低殘留、對(dui)作(zuo)物及(ji)天(tian)敵安(an)全(quan)、無(wu)(wu)不良(liang)影響經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)品種(zhong)，嚴禁使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)高(gao)毒、劇毒、長(chang)殘效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。其次(ci)是把握用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)最(zui)佳時間(jian)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)在害(hai)(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)發育中抵抗(kang)(kang)(kang)力(li)最(zui)弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時期(qi)及(ji)發育階(jie)段中接觸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)最(zui)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。還要(yao)(yao)(yao)根據不同(tong)作(zuo)物、不同(tong)生長(chang)期(qi)和(he)不同(tong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)，選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)最(zui)佳用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)量(liang)(liang)。三要(yao)(yao)(yao)根據實(shi)際(ji)情況改進(jin)(jin)(jin)技(ji)術，指導農(nong)(nong)民(min)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)混用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)和(he)輪用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。混用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)可形成多位點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)機(ji)制，避免交(jiao)互抗(kang)(kang)(kang)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生。輪用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)對(dui)有(you)害(hai)(hai)(hai)生物造成一種(zhong)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)壓，減少(shao)(shao)(shao)長(chang)期(qi)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)單(dan)一品種(zhong)，引(yin)起遺傳重(zhong)組而誘(you)發抗(kang)(kang)(kang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性。四要(yao)(yao)(yao)大力(li)開發應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)先進(jin)(jin)(jin)植保機(ji)械，淘汰跑冒(mao)滴漏落后(hou)機(ji)械，減少(shao)(shao)(shao)農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)流失和(he)浪費，降低農(nong)(nong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)投入量(liang)(liang)。
措施五：加強農民培訓，培養科學用藥觀
加強培訓工作(zuo)，提(ti)高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民科(ke)學(xue)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)水平(ping)。針對我國廣(guang)大農(nong)(nong)(nong)民文化(hua)素質(zhi)較差(cha)，科(ke)學(xue)觀念和(he)(he)(he)環(huan)保(bao)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)淡(dan)薄的(de)現實，必(bi)須加強廣(guang)大農(nong)(nong)(nong)村的(de)科(ke)技(ji)培訓工作(zuo)，普(pu)及科(ke)學(xue)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)知識(shi)(shi)，指導農(nong)(nong)(nong)民對癥(zheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)、在(zai)關鍵期用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)，避免用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)錯藥(yao)、錯過最佳(jia)防治(zhi)期用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)。還要(yao)大力(li)培養(yang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民的(de)公眾(zhong)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)環(huan)境保(bao)護意(yi)識(shi)(shi)，大力(li)推廣(guang)和(he)(he)(he)普(pu)及科(ke)技(ji)種田的(de)知識(shi)(shi)。在(zai)工作(zuo)調查中(zhong)(zhong)發現，有的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民明知農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)當會造成危害卻偏要(yao)為之，如向已收(shou)獲的(de)小麥(mai)、玉(yu)米里噴灑防蟲(chong)藥(yao)劑，不(bu)按安全(quan)間隔期要(yao)求采摘噴灑過農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)的(de)蔬菜(cai)和(he)(he)(he)水果，在(zai)澆灌韭菜(cai)的(de)水中(zhong)(zhong)放入呋喃丹(dan)等禁用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)，將農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)包(bao)裝物隨(sui)意(yi)丟棄或扔在(zai)池塘(tang)和(he)(he)(he)水井(jing)里，夏(xia)季驅蚊蠅在(zai)居(ju)室(shi)內噴灑農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)等等，農(nong)(nong)(nong)藥(yao)中(zhong)(zhong)毒傷(shang)亡(wang)事故(gu)屢屢發生。因此，必(bi)須充(chong)分利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)廣(guang)播(bo)電視、報(bao)刊以(yi)及網絡通迅等傳(chuan)統和(he)(he)(he)現代的(de)媒體(ti)，采取多種形式對廣(guang)大農(nong)(nong)(nong)民群眾(zhong)大力(li)進行文化(hua)素質(zhi)教(jiao)育(yu)和(he)(he)(he)道德(de)規范(fan)教(jiao)育(yu)，以(yi)及法制(zhi)教(jiao)育(yu)。
