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| 對我國種子市場實施價格管制的經濟學分析 //chinaqfs.com 2004-11-3 8:56:53 瀏覽： |
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| 內容提(ti)要(yao)：本文以我(wo)(wo)國(guo)目前一些(xie)地(di)方政(zheng)府對(dui)種子(zi)(zi)市(shi)場(chang)實(shi)施價(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)管(guan)(guan)(guan)制(zhi)為出(chu)發點，用經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)學價(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)管(guan)(guan)(guan)制(zhi)的(de)基本理論，分(fen)析了種子(zi)(zi)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)特征、種子(zi)(zi)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)上漲(zhang)或(huo)經(jing)(jing)銷環節利潤率過(guo)高的(de)原因、實(shi)施價(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)管(guan)(guan)(guan)制(zhi)的(de)可行性(xing)及價(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)管(guan)(guan)(guan)制(zhi)目標(biao)能否(fou)實(shi)現等問題。本文認(ren)為，價(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)管(guan)(guan)(guan)制(zhi)對(dui)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)種子(zi)(zi)市(shi)場(chang)只具有部(bu)分(fen)適應性(xing)，種子(zi)(zi)市(shi)場(chang)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)過(guo)高或(huo)不合理現象并不都適合通(tong)過(guo)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)管(guan)(guan)(guan)制(zhi)來(lai)治理。要(yao)從(cong)根本上規(gui)范(fan)種子(zi)(zi)市(shi)場(chang)秩序，保證種業長(chang)遠、健康發展(zhan)，必(bi)須加強相關(guan)政(zheng)策的(de)配套改革(ge)和種子(zi)(zi)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)全面規(gui)范(fan)與(yu)建設。 一、引言 《中華(hua)人民(min)共和(he)國(guo)植物(wu)新(xin)品種(zhong)保護條例》和(he)《中華(hua)人民(min)共和(he)國(guo)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)法》的(de)(de)(de)頒(ban)布與實施促進了我國(guo)種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)發展，種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)由《種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)法》頒(ban)布前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)2700家增加到7800家，種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)銷售網點(dian)更是增長(chang)迅速。同時，種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)市(shi)場結構也(ye)發生了顯著(zhu)變化(hua)。1997～2002年(nian)，種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)銷售額(e)前(qian)50名企(qi)業(ye)(ye)中，國(guo)有(you)(you)獨(du)資種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)銷售額(e)由17億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)下降到15億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)；與之(zhi)相對的(de)(de)(de)是，有(you)(you)限責任種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)公司(si)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)銷售額(e)則(ze)由5億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)上升到35億(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。這標志著(zhu)我國(guo)種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)多元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)化(hua)市(shi)場競爭的(de)(de)(de)格局正在形成。而且，一些(xie)大型種(zhong)業(ye)(ye)集團成功上市(shi)，取得了可喜的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營(ying)業(ye)(ye)績。其中，袁(yuan)隆平農業(ye)(ye)高科技(ji)股(gu)份有(you)(you)限公司(si)1999年(nian)、2000年(nian)和(he)2001年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)凈(jing)(jing)利潤分別(bie)為(wei)2722萬元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、3796萬元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)4033萬元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，2000年(nian)、2001年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)凈(jing)(jing)利潤分別(bie)比前(qian)一年(nian)增長(chang)39.46％和(he)6.24％；2000年(nian)、2001年(nian)每股(gu)收益分別(bie)為(wei)0.36元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、0.38元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)：2001年(nian)每股(gu)凈(jing)(jing)資產為(wei)7.49元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。 與(yu)此同時，一(yi)個現(xian)象引起了(le)廣(guang)泛的(de)關(guan)注，即(ji)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)價格(ge)(ge)明(ming)顯上(shang)升(sheng)，部分(fen)企業或產(chan)品的(de)利(li)(li)(li)(li)潤率(lv)偏(pian)高。近年(nian)來(lai)，一(yi)些雜交種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)價格(ge)(ge)上(shang)漲幅度達(da)(da)到1倍以上(shang)，大田(tian)作物常規(gui)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)毛利(li)(li)(li)(li)率(lv)平均為15％～25％，而水稻、棉(mian)花等作物的(de)雜交種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)和瓜菜種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)毛利(li)(li)(li)(li)率(lv)高達(da)(da)50％以上(shang)。不僅如此，種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)流(liu)通(tong)環(huan)節（種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)批(pi)發商、零(ling)售(shou)商）的(de)毛利(li)(li)(li)(li)率(lv)也十分(fen)可觀，有(you)的(de)甚至達(da)(da)到40％左右，遠(yuan)遠(yuan)高于2002年(nian)全(quan)國限額以上(shang)批(pi)發、零(ling)售(shou)貿(mao)易企業8.03％的(de)平均毛利(li)(li)(li)(li)率(lv)。更有(you)甚者，少數公司違(wei)反國家有(you)關(guan)規(gui)定，在(zai)長江流(liu)域擅自(zi)經營國家禁止推行的(de)一(yi)些抗蟲棉(mian)品種(zhong)(zhong)以牟取(qu)暴利(li)(li)(li)(li)，0.5公斤棉(mian)花種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)零(ling)售(shou)價格(ge)(ge)竟高達(da)(da)140元，導致一(yi)些地(di)方種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)市場價格(ge)(ge)混亂。 一些(xie)省(sheng)(sheng)份，例如江(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)、遼寧(ning)、河南(nan)、湖(hu)南(nan)等，從保護農民利益出發，對種子市場(chang)實施最高限(xian)價(jia)、最高差(cha)價(jia)率(lv)(lv)限(xian)定(ding)等價(jia)格(ge)(ge)管(guan)制政策。例如，江(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)省(sheng)(sheng)2001年實施的《江(jiang)(jiang)蘇(su)省(sheng)(sheng)農作物種子價(jia)格(ge)(ge)管(guan)理辦法》就(jiu)明確制定(ding)了(le)種子批(pi)發、零售價(jia)格(ge)(ge)的作價(jia)公式，而且規定(ding)批(pi)發環節價(jia)格(ge)(ge)綜合差(cha)率(lv)(lv)不(bu)得超(chao)過(guo)20％，零售環節價(jia)格(ge)(ge)綜合差(cha)率(lv)(lv)不(bu)得超(chao)過(guo)15％（綜合差(cha)率(lv)(lv)包括利息率(lv)(lv)、運輸(shu)及保管(guan)損耗率(lv)(lv)、經營管(guan)理費(fei)用率(lv)(lv)和(he)利潤率(lv)(lv)）。 價格(ge)(ge)(ge)管制(zhi)(zhi)對我國種(zhong)子(zi)市場(chang)是否具有廣泛的(de)針對性(xing)(xing)？種(zhong)子(zi)市場(chang)價格(ge)(ge)(ge)過(guo)高或不合理是否完全適合通(tong)過(guo)價格(ge)(ge)(ge)管制(zhi)(zhi)進行治理？本(ben)文(wen)試圖運用(yong)價格(ge)(ge)(ge)管制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)基(ji)本(ben)理論(lun)，從我國目前種(zhong)子(zi)市場(chang)的(de)特(te)征、種(zhong)子(zi)價格(ge)(ge)(ge)較高或經銷環節利潤過(guo)大的(de)原因、實(shi)施價格(ge)(ge)(ge)管制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)可行性(xing)(xing)以及價格(ge)(ge)(ge)管制(zhi)(zhi)目標能否實(shi)現等(deng)方(fang)面對這些問(wen)題進行探討。 二(er)、價格管(guan)制及(ji)其對象、目的(de) 價(jia)格管制(zhi)(zhi)是政(zheng)府限制(zhi)(zhi)壟(long)斷(duan)勢力的(de)一種(zhong)方(fang)法，指政(zheng)府直接(jie)用(yong)行政(zheng)手(shou)段(duan)干預(yu)企業制(zhi)(zhi)定商品價(jia)格。市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)經濟條件下(xia)，實行價(jia)格管制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)主要(yao)原因是壟(long)斷(duan)的(de)存在(zai)。這里(li)的(de)壟(long)斷(duan)指賣(mai)方(fang)壟(long)斷(duan)，即市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)上某(mou)個行業或(huo)某(mou)種(zhong)產品只有(you)一個賣(mai)方(fang)，但有(you)許(xu)多買方(fang)。因而這個廠商（賣(mai)方(fang)）就(jiu)處在(zai)一個特別的(de)位置上，它可以自行提高產品的(de)價(jia)格而不(bu)必擔心有(you)其他競爭者(zhe)通過(guo)較低的(de)價(jia)格來搶奪市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)份額。 為(wei)了實(shi)現利(li)(li)潤最(zui)大(da)(da)化，壟(long)斷(duan)者同完全競(jing)爭廠(chang)(chang)商(shang)(shang)一樣，必須將其產(chan)量定在(zai)邊(bian)(bian)際(ji)收(shou)(shou)益曲(qu)線（MR）與(yu)邊(bian)(bian)際(ji)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)曲(qu)線（MC）相交之(zhi)處，也就是(shi)使邊(bian)(bian)際(ji)收(shou)(shou)益與(yu)邊(bian)(bian)際(ji)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)相等。由于完全競(jing)爭廠(chang)(chang)商(shang)(shang)面(mian)臨的需(xu)求(qiu)曲(qu)線與(yu)邊(bian)(bian)際(ji)收(shou)(shou)益曲(qu)線為(wei)同一條線（d＝MR＝AR＝P），因(yin)而(er)(er)廠(chang)(chang)商(shang)(shang)利(li)(li)潤最(zui)大(da)(da)化時(shi)的價(jia)格pm正好(hao)等于邊(bian)(bian)際(ji)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)（MC），廠(chang)(chang)商(shang)(shang)不(bu)可能(neng)獲得(de)超額利(li)(li)潤（見(jian)圖1）。而(er)(er)壟(long)斷(duan)廠(chang)(chang)商(shang)(shang)面(mian)臨的需(xu)求(qiu)曲(qu)線不(bu)同于完全競(jing)爭廠(chang)(chang)商(shang)(shang)面(mian)臨的需(xu)求(qiu)曲(qu)線，其邊(bian)(bian)際(ji)收(shou)(shou)益曲(qu)線（MR）總是(shi)位(wei)于需(xu)求(qiu)曲(qu)線（D）下面(mian)。因(yin)此，一般情況(kuang)下，壟(long)斷(duan)廠(chang)(chang)商(shang)(shang)實(shi)現利(li)(li)潤最(zui)大(da)(da)化時(shi)的價(jia)格（pm）總是(shi)高(gao)于邊(bian)(bian)際(ji)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)（MC）（或(huo)平(ping)(ping)均成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)AC）（為(wei)簡(jian)化起見(jian)，假定邊(bian)(bian)際(ji)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)等于平(ping)(ping)均成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)且固(gu)定不(bu)變），而(er)(er)利(li)(li)潤最(zui)大(da)(da)化時(shi)的產(chan)量qm則低于完全競(jing)爭狀態下的產(chan)量，因(yin)而(er)(er)壟(long)斷(duan)廠(chang)(chang)商(shang)(shang)獲得(de)了超額利(li)(li)潤，而(er)(er)消(xiao)費(fei)者不(bu)得(de)不(bu)以較(jiao)高(gao)的價(jia)格pm接(jie)受較(jiao)少的產(chan)品qm（見(jian)圖2）。很顯然，壟(long)斷(duan)勢力的存在(zai)使消(xiao)費(fei)者利(li)(li)益受損(sun)而(er)(er)使廠(chang)(chang)商(shang)(shang)受益。為(wei)此，政府有必要通過對壟(long)斷(duan)廠(chang)(chang)商(shang)(shang)設置最(zui)高(gao)限價(jia)，促使他們(men)增加(jia)產(chan)量、降低價(jia)格，使社(she)會資(zi)源(yuan)的配置達到(dao)或(huo)接(jie)近(jin)最(zui)優狀態，也就是(shi)使產(chan)量增加(jia)到(dao)q水(shui)平(ping)(ping)，在(zai)q產(chan)量水(shui)平(ping)(ping)上，需(xu)求(qiu)曲(qu)線與(yu)邊(bian)(bian)際(ji)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)曲(qu)線相交，意味著消(xiao)費(fei)者為(wei)獲得(de)額外一單位(wei)產(chan)品所(suo)(suo)支(zhi)付的價(jia)格正好(hao)等于廠(chang)(chang)商(shang)(shang)生產(chan)該額外產(chan)品所(suo)(suo)花費(fei)的成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)。這時(shi)，社(she)會福利(li)(li)達到(dao)最(zui)大(da)(da)。 由此可(ke)見，價(jia)(jia)格管(guan)制政策的(de)運用緣于(yu)壟(long)斷(duan)勢力導(dao)致的(de)較高的(de)壟(long)斷(duan)價(jia)(jia)格和(he)較低的(de)產(chan)量（這里含(han)有一個(ge)暗(an)示，即壟(long)斷(duan)廠(chang)商(shang)為了獲得超額利潤，不惜讓一部(bu)分生產(chan)要(yao)素閑(xian)置(zhi)，也(ye)就是壟(long)斷(duan)廠(chang)商(shang)的(de)產(chan)量低于(yu)其(qi)生產(chan)能力）。因此，管(guan)制的(de)對象主要(yao)是壟(long)斷(duan)廠(chang)商(shang)（產(chan)品(pin)），尤其(qi)是自然壟(long)斷(duan)廠(chang)商(shang)（產(chan)品(pin)）。 價(jia)(jia)格管制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)在于(yu)(yu)運用行(xing)政手段干預壟(long)(long)斷(duan)產(chan)(chan)品價(jia)(jia)格，使壟(long)(long)斷(duan)廠商的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)量接近或等于(yu)(yu)q點上的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)量水平(ping)，滿足更多消(xiao)費(fei)者的(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)。同時，在這一新的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)量水平(ping)q上，價(jia)(jia)格接近或降至邊(bian)際成本或者最(zui)優狀態下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)均(jun)衡價(jia)(jia)格P（自然壟(long)(long)斷(duan)行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)格管制(zhi)不宜使價(jia)(jia)格降至邊(bian)際成本，最(zui)好(hao)使管制(zhi)價(jia)(jia)格等于(yu)(yu)平(ping)均(jun)成本），從而消(xiao)除或減少由于(yu)(yu)壟(long)(long)斷(duan)帶(dai)來的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)額利(li)潤，保護(hu)消(xiao)費(fei)者利(li)益，增加社會福利(li)。 三、價格管制對我(wo)國目前種子(zi)市場的針對性分析 （一）種業的(de)市(shi)場(chang)特征 從(cong)(cong)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體(ti)數量及市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)控制(zhi)程度(du)(du)看，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)兼具完全(quan)競爭(zheng)和(he)壟(long)斷(duan)競爭(zheng)的(de)特(te)征。從(cong)(cong)整體(ti)看，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)高度(du)(du)分散，集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)度(du)(du)明顯偏低。全(quan)國(guo)(guo)7800家種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)總資(zi)產共165億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，50強(qiang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)（指按(an)研發能力(li)、資(zi)產實(shi)力(li)、銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)(shou)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)、生(sheng)產加工(gong)能力(li)等(deng)指標綜合(he)(he)評(ping)分排名(ming)(ming)(ming)前(qian)50位的(de)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，下同）43億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)，只占(zhan)26％。2003年，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)注(zhu)冊資(zi)本(ben)達(da)到或超過(guo)3000萬元(yuan)的(de)只占(zhan)0.8％，59.8％的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)注(zhu)冊資(zi)本(ben)小于(yu)500萬元(yuan)。市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)占(zhan)有(you)率狀(zhuang)況也(ye)顯示我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)度(du)(du)很(hen)低。1997年，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)(shou)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)前(qian)10名(ming)(ming)(ming)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)(shou)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)占(zhan)整個市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)份(fen)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)的(de)4％，前(qian)50名(ming)(ming)(ming)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)占(zhan)8％；2002年，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)(shou)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)前(qian)10名(ming)(ming)(ming)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)(shou)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)占(zhan)整個市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)份(fen)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)的(de)10％，前(qian)50名(ming)(ming)(ming)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)則占(zhan)21％。盡管這(zhe)些數字(zi)顯示我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)度(du)(du)近(jin)年來有(you)所提(ti)高，但(dan)與其(qi)他集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)度(du)(du)高的(de)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)國(guo)(guo)外種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)比較，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)度(du)(du)仍明顯偏低。2000年，世(shi)界種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)10強(qiang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)(shou)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)占(zhan)全(quan)球(qiu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)(shou)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)的(de)24％，而我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)10強(qiang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)(shou)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)同期只占(zhan)全(quan)球(qiu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)(shou)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)的(de)0.8％。2002年，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)(shou)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)前(qian)50名(ming)(ming)(ming)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)(shou)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)約50億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)人民(min)幣(bi)；而2000年，美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)先鋒(feng)公(gong)司(si)和(he)孟山都集團的(de)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)(shou)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)就分別達(da)19.9億(yi)(yi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)元(yuan)和(he)17億(yi)(yi)美(mei)(mei)(mei)元(yuan)，折(zhe)合(he)(he)人民(min)幣(bi)約為(wei)165.17億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)和(he)141.1億(yi)(yi)元(yuan)。也(ye)就是說(shuo)，早在2000年，美(mei)(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)兩大種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)集團的(de)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)(shou)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)就分別相當(dang)于(yu)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)(shou)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)前(qian)50名(ming)(ming)(ming)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)2002年銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)(shou)額(e)(e)(e)(e)(e)總和(he)的(de)3.3倍和(he)2.8倍。可見(jian)，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)目(mu)前(qian)還沒有(you)形(xing)成很(hen)強(qiang)的(de)壟(long)斷(duan)勢力(li)。 從市(shi)場(chang)買方(fang)(fang)看(kan)，作(zuo)為(wei)種子的消費者的農戶多達3.5億，且沒有形(xing)成一個聯(lian)合或(huo)聯(lian)盟（像日本的農協）以打造(zao)買方(fang)(fang)壟(long)斷勢力(li)，提高討(tao)價還價的能力(li)。高度分(fen)散的賣(mai)方(fang)(fang)和(he)買方(fang)(fang)的相互作(zuo)用(yong)使我國種業市(shi)場(chang)具有完全(quan)競爭市(shi)場(chang)的性質。 同時(shi)，由于種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)身(shen)的技(ji)術(shu)特性(xing)，少數(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)公(gong)司對一(yi)(yi)(yi)些品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)的生(sheng)產經營(ying)具(ju)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定壟斷性(xing)。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)點突(tu)出(chu)表現在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)雜(za)(za)(za)交種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的生(sheng)產經營(ying)上。例如，油(you)(you)(you)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)華(hua)雜(za)(za)(za)6號是由“雙(shuang)低”甘藍型(xing)油(you)(you)(you)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)細胞質雄性(xing)不(bu)育系8086A和“雙(shuang)低”恢復系7-5配制(zhi)出(chu)的半冬性(xing)甘藍型(xing)雜(za)(za)(za)交種(zhong)(zhong)，它的父本(ben)、母(mu)本(ben)由武漢聯農種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)有(you)限責任公(gong)司控制(zhi)，所以，該公(gong)司在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)華(hua)雜(za)(za)(za)6號這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)油(you)(you)(you)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)上具(ju)有(you)壟斷勢力。但是，油(you)(you)(you)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)有(you)很多品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)，例如華(hua)雜(za)(za)(za)系列(lie)(lie)、中油(you)(you)(you)雜(za)(za)(za)系列(lie)(lie)、秦油(you)(you)(you)系列(lie)(lie)、皖(wan)油(you)(you)(you)系列(lie)(lie)等，不(bu)同品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)的油(you)(you)(you)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)間存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)價格競爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，任何一(yi)(yi)(yi)個差異化品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)的擁有(you)者在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)定價時(shi)都不(bu)可能不(bu)顧及其(qi)他競爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)者。同時(shi)，由于油(you)(you)(you)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)與(yu)(yu)(yu)小(xiao)麥在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)長季節(jie)和種(zhong)(zhong)植區域上完全相同，油(you)(you)(you)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)小(xiao)麥種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)間也(ye)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定替(ti)代性(xing)，油(you)(you)(you)菜(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)小(xiao)麥種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)客觀上也(ye)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)競爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。 由(you)此可見，我國種(zhong)子市場具(ju)有(you)雙重性：從整體(ti)的(de)供(gong)需雙方狀況看(kan)，它具(ju)有(you)完全(quan)競爭市場的(de)特性；從特定品種(zhong)的(de)供(gong)應看(kan)，它又具(ju)有(you)一(yi)定的(de)壟斷性。即使這樣，由(you)于同種(zhong)作物存在(zai)多(duo)個有(you)競爭實力的(de)品種(zhong)，“一(yi)品獨大”的(de)格局還沒有(you)形(xing)成。 種子(zi)市場的(de)這(zhe)一(yi)特(te)性(xing)決定了目前種子(zi)價格(ge)較(jiao)高并不完全或主要是由(you)壟斷所造成(cheng)的(de)。由(you)此，可以認為，作為主要針對壟斷勢力的(de)價格(ge)管(guan)制政(zheng)策(ce)盡管(guan)可以遏(e)制少數(shu)品(pin)種價格(ge)過(guo)高的(de)現象，但對整個種子(zi)市場并不具有普遍適(shi)用性(xing)。 （二）種子(zi)市(shi)場價格(ge)上漲(zhang)及利(li)潤率較高的原(yuan)因 既然壟(long)斷不是(shi)種子(zi)價(jia)格高的(de)主要或唯(wei)一(yi)原(yuan)因(yin)，那(nei)么，導致(zhi)種子(zi)價(jia)格上漲、少數企業或一(yi)些(xie)經營環節(jie)利(li)潤率高的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)到底是(shi)什么呢？ 1.與(yu)近年(nian)來農(nong)(nong)業發(fa)展的(de)大(da)環境(jing)相關(guan)。加(jia)入(ru)WTO后，為(wei)提(ti)高(gao)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)產品的(de)核心競爭力，應對(dui)(dui)國(guo)(guo)際市(shi)場的(de)挑戰(zhan)，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)政府對(dui)(dui)農(nong)(nong)業發(fa)展目標進行了相關(guan)調整，從原來的(de)只注(zhu)重農(nong)(nong)產品產量轉(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)既注(zhu)重產量，又注(zhu)重品質與(yu)效益，從而(er)刺激了農(nong)(nong)民(min)對(dui)(dui)農(nong)(nong)作物良種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)需求。目前(qian)，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)作物良種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)生產量有(you)(you)限，供不應求，自(zi)然導致價(jia)(jia)格有(you)(you)所上(shang)(shang)升。尤(you)其是最近兩年(nian)，大(da)宗農(nong)(nong)產品價(jia)(jia)格明顯上(shang)(shang)升，農(nong)(nong)民(min)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)收入(ru)提(ti)高(gao)，加(jia)之(zhi)以(yi)前(qian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)價(jia)(jia)格偏低(di)，農(nong)(nong)民(min)對(dui)(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)提(ti)價(jia)(jia)有(you)(you)一定的(de)承受力。據美國(guo)(guo)SEMINIS公司對(dui)(dui)中國(guo)(guo)市(shi)場所做(zuo)的(de)調查，農(nong)(nong)民(min)愿意花(hua)相當(dang)于普通種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)價(jia)(jia)格的(de)2～3倍的(de)高(gao)價(jia)(jia)購買高(gao)質量的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。2004年(nian)筆者對(dui)(dui)湖北(bei)省谷城縣(xian)農(nong)(nong)民(min)做(zuo)的(de)問(wen)卷調查也(ye)(ye)說明了這一問(wen)題。在對(dui)(dui)“決定購買種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)時，下列哪些因(yin)素(su)(su)考慮(lv)比較(jiao)多”這一問(wen)題的(de)回答中，70％的(de)被調查者選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇“種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)增產潛力”，36％選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇“種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)品質”，22％選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇“種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)價(jia)(jia)格”（有(you)(you)重復選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇）。可(ke)見(jian)，隨(sui)著國(guo)(guo)家農(nong)(nong)業發(fa)展政策的(de)調整和發(fa)展環境(jing)的(de)變(bian)化，農(nong)(nong)民(min)的(de)觀念也(ye)(ye)發(fa)生了改變(bian)，購買種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)時，價(jia)(jia)格已(yi)不是首選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)因(yin)素(su)(su)。這無疑為(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)適當(dang)提(ti)價(jia)(jia)和種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)企業獲得較(jiao)大(da)的(de)利潤空間提(ti)供了可(ke)能。 2.與(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)商品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求特點和近(jin)(jin)年來(lai)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提高(gao)有(you)關。種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)作為(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產要(yao)素(su)，與(yu)消費品(pin)(pin)具有(you)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求特性(xing)。消費者(zhe)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)消費品(pin)(pin)，是為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)直(zhi)接滿足自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吃、穿、住、行(xing)等；廠商購(gou)(gou)買(mai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產要(yao)素(su)不(bu)是為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)滿足自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)接需(xu)要(yao)，而是為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)通過(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產和出(chu)售產品(pin)(pin)獲得(de)收益。因此，廠商購(gou)(gou)買(mai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產要(yao)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)用(yong)，取決于(yu)該生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產要(yao)素(su)增加(jia)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力和消費者(zhe)對(dui)其所生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產產品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求。農(nong)民(min)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)時同樣(yang)要(yao)考慮(lv)這一(yi)(yi)問題。在預期生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)產品(pin)(pin)能夠全部出(chu)售的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提下，對(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)效(xiao)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衡量就是它(ta)能增加(jia)多(duo)少(shao)產量及收益，只要(yao)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)效(xiao)用(yong)大于(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)成本，農(nong)民(min)就會選(xuan)擇(ze)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。進一(yi)(yi)步推(tui)論，如果種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)增產效(xiao)果明顯，即(ji)使(shi)價格較高(gao)，農(nong)民(min)也(ye)樂于(yu)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)。近(jin)(jin)年來(lai)，我國(guo)農(nong)作物品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)更(geng)(geng)新和推(tui)廣(guang)速度加(jia)快，一(yi)(yi)批質優、高(gao)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)斷面世，為(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產和經(jing)營這些品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企業拓寬了(le)(le)利潤空間。雖然這些新品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)價位(wei)(wei)較高(gao)，但(dan)農(nong)民(min)使(shi)用(yong)它(ta)得(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)用(yong)更(geng)(geng)大。所以，總體上(shang)講，農(nong)民(min)還是得(de)到了(le)(le)實惠。例如，現在湖北市場(chang)上(shang)俏銷(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油菜種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)華雜6號，比一(yi)(yi)般品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)增產20％以上(shang)，農(nong)民(min)使(shi)用(yong)華雜6號油菜種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，1畝(mu)耕地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)成本為(wei)(wei)8元(yuan)，盡管比使(shi)用(yong)一(yi)(yi)般品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)2～4元(yuan)，但(dan)每畝(mu)耕地可增加(jia)收入60元(yuan)左右，所以，即(ji)使(shi)華雜6號種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)價位(wei)(wei)高(gao)，農(nong)民(min)也(ye)愿意(yi)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)。 3.與國(guo)家負(fu)擔了一(yi)(yi)部分研(yan)發(fa)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本有(you)(you)關。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)是(shi)高(gao)科(ke)(ke)技產業(ye)。國(guo)外(wai)大(da)型種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)集團都有(you)(you)自己獨立(li)的(de)研(yan)發(fa)機構，每年投(tou)(tou)入(ru)大(da)量資(zi)金(jin)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)研(yan)究(jiu)。美國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)產業(ye)1998年投(tou)(tou)入(ru)1.8億(yi)美元進(jin)行玉米育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，相(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)(dang)(dang)于銷(xiao)售(shou)收入(ru)的(de)10％；法國(guo)利(li)馬(ma)格(ge)(ge)蘭公(gong)司(si)(si)2000年科(ke)(ke)研(yan)投(tou)(tou)入(ru)為4.5億(yi)法郎，相(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)(dang)(dang)于銷(xiao)售(shou)收入(ru)的(de)12％；KWS種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)集團公(gong)司(si)(si)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)投(tou)(tou)入(ru)相(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)(dang)(dang)于銷(xiao)售(shou)額的(de)15％。這些(xie)巨(ju)額投(tou)(tou)入(ru)最終都計入(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本。與之相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)(bi)(bi)，我(wo)國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)企業(ye)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)投(tou)(tou)入(ru)不夠(gou)。全國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)50強企業(ye)中，科(ke)(ke)研(yan)投(tou)(tou)入(ru)相(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)(dang)(dang)于經營額10％以上的(de)只有(you)(you)2家，在(zai)(zai)5％～10％的(de)有(you)(you)8家，其余40家都在(zai)(zai)5％以下，50強之外(wai)的(de)其他企業(ye)研(yan)發(fa)投(tou)(tou)入(ru)就更少(shao)了。在(zai)(zai)我(wo)國(guo)，研(yan)究(jiu)和開(kai)(kai)發(fa)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)良種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)通常(chang)需6～7年的(de)時間，現有(you)(you)民營種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)公(gong)司(si)(si)絕大(da)部分成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)立(li)于最近(jin)幾年，且由(you)于資(zi)本積累不夠(gou)，前期對(dui)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)的(de)投(tou)(tou)入(ru)都很少(shao)。由(you)此看出，近(jin)幾年推廣(guang)的(de)新(xin)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)都產生于國(guo)家投(tou)(tou)資(zi)的(de)農業(ye)院(yuan)校(xiao)及科(ke)(ke)研(yan)院(yuan)所(suo)。由(you)于種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原因，這些(xie)新(xin)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)近(jin)乎(hu)無(wu)償(chang)地為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)公(gong)司(si)(si)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)利(li)用。如果將(jiang)國(guo)家多年來(lai)對(dui)育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)投(tou)(tou)入(ru)計入(ru)開(kai)(kai)發(fa)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本，則在(zai)(zai)現有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)水平下，我(wo)國(guo)許多企業(ye)的(de)利(li)潤率(lv)將(jiang)會大(da)大(da)下降。所(suo)以，如果考慮(lv)到國(guo)家對(dui)育種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)實際投(tou)(tou)入(ru)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本，我(wo)國(guo)現有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)并不高(gao)，有(you)(you)些(xie)學者甚至認為與國(guo)際種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)市場(chang)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)比(bi)(bi)(bi)較，我(wo)國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)價(jia)格(ge)(ge)明顯(xian)偏低(di)，現在(zai)(zai)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)糧比(bi)(bi)(bi)是(shi)2：1～8：1，而(er)國(guo)際市場(chang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)糧比(bi)(bi)(bi)為15：1～25：1（張立(li)杰、李(li)燁，2003）.這說明，我(wo)國(guo)目(mu)前一(yi)(yi)些(xie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)企業(ye)的(de)高(gao)利(li)潤率(lv)存在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)泡沫與水分，是(shi)因為少(shao)計成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本而(er)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)利(li)潤虛增(zeng)。 4.與(yu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)發(fa)育(yu)程度(du)(du)低(di)、規范性差有(you)關(guan)(guan)。雖(sui)然近年來我國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)發(fa)展較(jiao)快(kuai)，但總體上(shang)(shang)講，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)發(fa)育(yu)程度(du)(du)還很(hen)低(di)。首先，行業(ye)內(nei)名(ming)牌企(qi)業(ye)、名(ming)牌產品(pin)少(shao)。許(xu)多(duo)企(qi)業(ye)尤(you)其是(shi)成(cheng)立不(bu)久的(de)民(min)營種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)企(qi)業(ye)既沒有(you)自(zi)己穩(wen)定的(de)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售網絡，也沒有(you)樹立自(zi)己的(de)品(pin)牌，需要借(jie)助(zhu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)宣傳(chuan)其產品(pin)以(yi)(yi)擴大(da)企(qi)業(ye)和(he)(he)產品(pin)的(de)知名(ming)度(du)(du)。為(wei)刺激經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)加(jia)大(da)對自(zi)己產品(pin)的(de)宣傳(chuan)和(he)(he)推廣(guang)力(li)度(du)(du)，一(yi)些(xie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)企(qi)業(ye)不(bu)惜給經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)很(hen)大(da)的(de)返利(li)(li)(li)空(kong)間。例如(ru)，某(mou)些(xie)企(qi)業(ye)2003年每0.5公(gong)斤(jin)油菜種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)給經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)返利(li)(li)(li)空(kong)間為(wei)12元左右，加(jia)成(cheng)率(lv)（種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)價(jia)與(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)進價(jia)的(de)差額占種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)進價(jia)的(de)比率(lv)）為(wei)67％，整個經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)環節的(de)毛利(li)(li)(li)率(lv)約為(wei)40％。其次，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)不(bu)夠(gou)規范，地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)保護(hu)主(zhu)義(yi)和(he)(he)地(di)(di)區封鎖(suo)仍然存(cun)在，有(you)些(xie)地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)甚至十分嚴(yan)重。一(yi)個新品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)否(fou)(fou)順利(li)(li)(li)進入當(dang)地(di)(di)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，很(hen)大(da)程度(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)取決于(yu)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)疏通各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)，是(shi)否(fou)(fou)得到地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)政府的(de)支(zhi)持。因(yin)此，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)公(gong)司需要借(jie)助(zhu)當(dang)地(di)(di)有(you)一(yi)定影響(xiang)和(he)(he)社會關(guan)(guan)系(xi)的(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)幫助(zhu)理順各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)利(li)(li)(li)益關(guan)(guan)系(xi)。再次，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)信(xin)息化水平低(di)。農民(min)主(zhu)要是(shi)從地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)電臺(tai)(tai)廣(guang)告(gao)、當(dang)地(di)(di)鄉(xiang)村(cun)干部和(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)處了解種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)信(xin)息，而(er)且(qie)地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)電臺(tai)(tai)廣(guang)告(gao)有(you)許(xu)多(duo)就是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)企(qi)業(ye)委托經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)做的(de)。所(suo)以(yi)(yi)，作為(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)終端消費者的(de)農民(min)，其購買行為(wei)在很(hen)大(da)程度(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)受制于(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)。從某(mou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)意義(yi)上(shang)(shang)講，當(dang)前我國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)營銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)渠道為(wei)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)所(suo)控制，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)正(zheng)是(shi)利(li)(li)(li)用這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)位置牟(mou)取過高的(de)利(li)(li)(li)潤(run)。另外，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)管理混亂，給少(shao)數不(bu)法商(shang)(shang)(shang)販哄抬價(jia)格(ge)、牟(mou)取暴(bao)利(li)(li)(li)以(yi)(yi)可(ke)乘之機。例如(ru)，一(yi)些(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)販為(wei)牟(mou)取暴(bao)利(li)(li)(li)，將未經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)審定或不(bu)允許(xu)在特(te)定區域推廣(guang)的(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)混入市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，高價(jia)出(chu)售，導致一(yi)些(xie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)價(jia)格(ge)過高，例如(ru)文(wen)章(zhang)前面所(suo)提到的(de)一(yi)些(xie)抗蟲(chong)棉品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等。 以上分析(xi)說明(ming)，我國(guo)(guo)目前種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)市場價(jia)(jia)格(ge)較高(gao)(gao)、利潤(run)空間大是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)多種(zhong)(zhong)因(yin)素(su)共同造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。其中，有些是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)市場需求結構發(fa)生變化(hua)和種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)質量提高(gao)(gao)而(er)帶來的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)正常上揚，只要(yao)種(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)市場規(gui)范，生產要(yao)素(su)能(neng)(neng)自由(you)(you)流動(dong)，一(yi)定(ding)時(shi)期后，高(gao)(gao)質量種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)供給量將會自然增加(jia)，供需新的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)衡將使實(shi)際價(jia)(jia)格(ge)回(hui)落(luo)到較低的(de)(de)(de)水平(ping)。所(suo)以，對于此類(lei)原因(yin)引起的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)上漲(zhang)實(shi)施(shi)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)管(guan)(guan)制(zhi)既沒必要(yao)，也不合理。對于因(yin)為科研投資(zi)(zi)和成(cheng)果轉化(hua)體(ti)制(zhi)不暢所(suo)導致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)企業(ye)利潤(run)率過(guo)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)現象，根本的(de)(de)(de)解決途徑是(shi)(shi)盡(jin)快調整國(guo)(guo)家(jia)農(nong)業(ye)科研投資(zi)(zi)方(fang)向，政府投資(zi)(zi)逐步退出商業(ye)化(hua)育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)領域，并(bing)明(ming)確國(guo)(guo)家(jia)對其投資(zi)(zi)所(suo)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)業(ye)科技成(cheng)果開發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)相關(guan)權利。對于因(yin)為市場發(fa)育(yu)程度低、管(guan)(guan)理不規(gui)范而(er)導致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)批發(fa)、零(ling)售環節毛利率過(guo)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)現象，價(jia)(jia)格(ge)管(guan)(guan)制(zhi)可作為重要(yao)措施(shi)。但是(shi)(shi)，同時(shi)必須加(jia)大種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)市場信息體(ti)系建設的(de)(de)(de)力度，打(da)擊地方(fang)保護主義，規(gui)范市場管(guan)(guan)理，只有這樣，價(jia)(jia)格(ge)管(guan)(guan)制(zhi)政策才能(neng)(neng)真正落(luo)到實(shi)處。至于少數不法分子(zi)違反國(guo)(guo)家(jia)規(gui)定(ding)，高(gao)(gao)價(jia)(jia)兜售禁止銷售的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)，就不僅(jin)僅(jin)是(shi)(shi)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)管(guan)(guan)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)了，對他們應該嚴格(ge)取締并(bing)追究相關(guan)法律責(ze)任。 （三）目(mu)前(qian)種子市(shi)場價(jia)格管制的可行性 《種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)法》頒(ban)布(bu)(bu)實(shi)施前(qian)，我(wo)國種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)尤其是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)宗農作物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)經(jing)營一(yi)直屬于(yu)計劃調節(jie)，主要農作物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)價(jia)(jia)格、各個環節(jie)的(de)(de)(de)加價(jia)(jia)率(lv)（或毛(mao)利(li)率(lv)）基本由國家有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)管(guan)理部門制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定和(he)(he)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。應(ying)該說，在(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)價(jia)(jia)格管(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)，政府有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)定經(jing)驗。問(wen)題是(shi)(shi)，現在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)與以往相比有(you)(you)(you)著本質的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。《種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)法》頒(ban)布(bu)(bu)后，我(wo)國種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業基本進入市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化運行軌道(dao)，如(ru)何保證價(jia)(jia)格管(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施不(bu)(bu)(bu)破壞市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)法則，不(bu)(bu)(bu)影響市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)主體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)正當(dang)(dang)利(li)益，已成(cheng)為一(yi)個必(bi)須(xu)考慮(lv)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題；同(tong)(tong)(tong)時，隨著《中華人民共(gong)和(he)(he)國植物(wu)(wu)新品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保護條例》的(de)(de)(de)頒(ban)布(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)實(shi)施，新品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)選育(yu)開發速度加快(kuai)，目(mu)前(qian)，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)上(shang)(shang)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)量較以往大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)增(zeng)(zeng)加，受(shou)知識產(chan)權保護的(de)(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)增(zeng)(zeng)多(duo)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)無論在(zai)(zai)產(chan)量、品(pin)質還是(shi)(shi)抗性上(shang)(shang)，都存在(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)程度的(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)。進行價(jia)(jia)格管(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時，如(ru)何準確鑒定不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)質量差異(yi)，對不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)否需要以及如(ru)何分(fen)別(bie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)最高限價(jia)(jia)，也是(shi)(shi)十分(fen)棘手且(qie)不(bu)(bu)(bu)容易準確把握的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。另(ling)外，目(mu)前(qian)，我(wo)國種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)行業的(de)(de)(de)企業數(shu)量已大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)超過(guo)《種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)法》實(shi)施前(qian)，尤其是(shi)(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)批發商(shang)、零售(shou)店更是(shi)(shi)數(shu)量眾多(duo)，僅湖北省就有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)零售(shou)網點12000多(duo)家，其中，許(xu)多(duo)沒有(you)(you)(you)建立(li)完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)營檔案，很難對其具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)銷量、經(jing)銷價(jia)(jia)格進行掌握和(he)(he)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。這為價(jia)(jia)格管(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施造成(cheng)了困難，即使勉(mian)強(qiang)實(shi)行，也需動(dong)用大(da)(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)人力、物(wu)(wu)力，意味著價(jia)(jia)格管(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)執(zhi)行成(cheng)本將會很大(da)(da)(da)，執(zhi)行不(bu)(bu)(bu)當(dang)(dang)甚至(zhi)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)失。 （四）價格管制的效果(guo) 市(shi)場(chang)經(jing)濟國(guo)(guo)家實(shi)(shi)施(shi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)管(guan)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)使(shi)壟斷廠商提高(gao)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)、降(jiang)低(di)(di)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)，減(jian)(jian)少消(xiao)費者損(sun)失，增加社會福利。我國(guo)(guo)當(dang)前在(zai)某(mou)些地區(qu)已經(jing)或打算(suan)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)市(shi)場(chang)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)管(guan)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)接(jie)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)于(yu)降(jiang)低(di)(di)或規(gui)范種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)，保(bao)護(hu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)利益。應(ying)該說，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出發(fa)(fa)點是(shi)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，對(dui)于(yu)抑(yi)制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)行(xing)業(ye)少數不(bu)(bu)法商販哄抬物(wu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)等違(wei)法經(jing)營(ying)行(xing)為、規(gui)范市(shi)場(chang)秩序可以(yi)(yi)(yi)起到一(yi)定(ding)作用，而且從短期看，確實(shi)(shi)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)通(tong)過(guo)降(jiang)低(di)(di)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)程度上(shang)減(jian)(jian)輕農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)負(fu)擔，保(bao)護(hu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)利益。值得注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，市(shi)場(chang)經(jing)濟條件(jian)下(xia)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)必然受到供(gong)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。目(mu)前，我國(guo)(guo)某(mou)些種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)高(gao)與市(shi)場(chang)上(shang)高(gao)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)供(gong)給(gei)滿足不(bu)(bu)了需求(qiu)有(you)(you)關(guan)，而且相對(dui)較(jiao)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)供(gong)給(gei)量(liang)(liang)并不(bu)(bu)完全是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)企業(ye)有(you)(you)意限制產(chan)量(liang)(liang)所導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，恰恰相反(fan)，是(shi)由種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)企業(ye)經(jing)營(ying)規(gui)模(mo)小、生產(chan)能(neng)力低(di)(di)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，這正說明國(guo)(guo)家需要通(tong)過(guo)一(yi)定(ding)政策(ce)來扶持、促進種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展。我國(guo)(guo)目(mu)前大(da)多數民(min)(min)營(ying)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)公(gong)司(si)發(fa)(fa)展歷(li)史短，制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基地建設不(bu)(bu)夠(gou)成熟，同時，一(yi)些種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)公(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理水(shui)平(ping)還(huan)(huan)應(ying)付(fu)不(bu)(bu)了較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)生產(chan)規(gui)模(mo)，而且種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)供(gong)給(gei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短期價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)彈性(xing)低(di)(di)。所以(yi)(yi)(yi)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)公(gong)司(si)在(zai)政府限價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)，一(yi)定(ding)時間內不(bu)(bu)可能(neng)通(tong)過(guo)提高(gao)生產(chan)量(liang)(liang)使(shi)其總(zong)利潤保(bao)持在(zai)原有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)平(ping)，這對(dui)規(gui)模(mo)本來就(jiu)比(bi)較(jiao)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)公(gong)司(si)快速(su)積累資金，應(ying)對(dui)國(guo)(guo)外(wai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)集團的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)挑戰十分不(bu)(bu)利。即(ji)使(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)公(gong)司(si)勉強(qiang)擴大(da)生產(chan)量(liang)(liang)，在(zai)現有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)基地建設水(shui)平(ping)和管(guan)理水(shui)平(ping)下(xia)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)難(nan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)證，最終還(huan)(huan)會損(sun)害農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利益。 四、結論與建議 （一）結論 第(di)一，我國(guo)種子市(shi)場從總體看(kan)仍處于(yu)高(gao)度(du)分散狀態(tai)，完全競爭是其主要特(te)征，因(yin)而壟斷(duan)并不是市(shi)場價格高(gao)或利潤率高(gao)的主要原因(yin)。 第二，造成近(jin)年(nian)來我國(guo)種(zhong)子價格上升快、經(jing)銷環(huan)節利(li)潤率高的(de)原(yuan)因是多方(fang)面的(de)。有(you)些(xie)情(qing)況可以通過(guo)價格管制來調整，有(you)些(xie)則不宜采用(yong)價格管制政(zheng)策，還有(you)一(yi)些(xie)需要配(pei)套運用(yong)包括價格管制在內的(de)多種(zhong)市場(chang)管理(li)手(shou)段(duan)綜合(he)調節。 第三(san)，從(cong)目(mu)前我國種(zhong)子市場的(de)實際看，真正、全面落實價格管(guan)(guan)制(zhi)有一定難度，可(ke)能會導致管(guan)(guan)制(zhi)成本過高(gao)。 第四，價(jia)格管制對(dui)于遏止部(bu)分地區、企業(ye)、品(pin)種(zhong)及環節的(de)高價(jia)位、高利(li)潤率(lv)確實(shi)有(you)一(yi)定效果(guo)，對(dui)于規(gui)范種(zhong)子(zi)市(shi)場、保護(hu)農民(min)利(li)益(yi)也有(you)一(yi)定的(de)促進作用(yong)。但如果(guo)使用(yong)不當，它(ta)也會在(zai)一(yi)定程度(du)上影響種(zhong)業(ye)的(de)發(fa)展并最(zui)終影響我國農業(ye)的(de)長遠發(fa)展和農民(min)的(de)根本利(li)益(yi)。 （二）建議 對我國種業而(er)言(yan)，價格管制(zhi)只是(shi)政府管理市場的(de)一個(ge)很(hen)小的(de)方面。要(yao)從根(gen)本(ben)上規范(fan)種子(zi)市場秩(zhi)序(xu)，保證種業長遠、健(jian)康(kang)發展(zhan)，為農(nong)民(min)提供價格合理的(de)優良(liang)種子(zi)，必(bi)須加強相關政策的(de)配套改革和種子(zi)市場的(de)全面規范(fan)和建設(she)。為此，本(ben)文建議： 1.調整國(guo)家有關育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)的科研投資(zi)方向。政府應適(shi)時退出種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)尤其是(shi)雜交(jiao)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的選育(yu)、開發等(deng)應用研究領域，加大對種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)重(zhong)要性狀的遺傳學(xue)特(te)點、原理以及種(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)資(zi)源開發和保護等(deng)基礎研究的投入力度，為種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)企(qi)業進行良種(zhong)(zhong)選育(yu)、開發提供理論和基礎支持。 2.嚴格立法，加強(qiang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)審(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)制度(du)和品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)市(shi)場(chang)準入制度(du)管理(li)。一是規(gui)范(fan)審(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)過(guo)程，提高審(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的科(ke)學性、公(gong)正(zheng)(zheng)性；二是嚴格執(zhi)行只有經過(guo)審(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)才(cai)能開發的規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，對于(yu)未經正(zheng)(zheng)式審(shen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)就進入市(shi)場(chang)的品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)應堅決予以(yi)取締。 3.徹(che)底打(da)破(po)地方(fang)封鎖，清除進入壁壘。應通過(guo)立法(fa)逐(zhu)步建立全國范(fan)圍內公(gong)平競爭(zheng)、資源(yuan)自由(you)流動的(de)大市場(chang)；規(gui)范(fan)各地區政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)農業(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)門(men)的(de)管(guan)理(li)活動，將現在政(zheng)府(fu)(fu)農業(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)門(men)與其所屬的(de)種子企業(ye)(ye)徹(che)底脫鉤，保證農業(ye)(ye)管(guan)理(li)部(bu)(bu)門(men)公(gong)平執法(fa)，并為種子企業(ye)(ye)經營活動提供良(liang)好的(de)環境條件(jian)。 4.加快種業(ye)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)系統(tong)建設和管理(li)(li)，為各種子市(shi)場(chang)主體提(ti)(ti)供客觀、真實(shi)的(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)。首先，要完善政府(fu)種業(ye)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)網絡，提(ti)(ti)高(gao)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)的(de)(de)質量和效率；其次(ci)，可考慮由國(guo)家(jia)出(chu)資，委(wei)托民(min)(min)間信(xin)(xin)息(xi)咨詢機構(gou)開展種業(ye)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)咨詢服(fu)(fu)務(wu)，營(ying)造種業(ye)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)的(de)(de)競爭態勢，促進服(fu)(fu)務(wu)質量的(de)(de)改進和效率的(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)；再次(ci)，加強對種子廣告的(de)(de)管理(li)(li)，防止虛假信(xin)(xin)息(xi)和廣告對農(nong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)侵害。摘自(zi)：2004.9（31—37）《中國(guo)農(nong)村經濟》（作(zuo)者(zhe)單(dan)位(wei)：華中農(nong)業(ye)大(da)學管理(li)(li)科(ke)學系） |
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